8-4-4. TRACK SEPARATION

Apply track separation between aircraft by requiring aircraft to fly specified tracks or radials and with specified spacings as follows:

a. Same NAVAID:

1. VOR/VORTAC/TACAN. Consider separation to exist between aircraft established on radials of the same NAVAID that diverge by at least 15 degrees when either aircraft is clear of the airspace to be protected for the other aircraft. Use the table to determine the flight distance required for various divergence angles and altitudes to clear the airspace to be protected.
(See FIG 8-4-10.)

FIG 8-4-10. Track Separation
VOR

2. NDB:

(a) Consider separation to exist between aircraft established on tracks of the same NAVAID that diverge by at least 30 degrees and one aircraft is at least 15 miles from the NAVAID. This separation shall not be used when one or both aircraft are inbound to the aid unless the distance of the aircraft from the facility can be readily determined by reference to the NAVAID. Use the table to determine the flight distance required for various divergence angles to clear the airspace to be protected. For divergence that falls between two values, use the lesser value to obtain the distance.
(See FIG 8-4-11.)

FIG 8-4-11. Track Separation
NDB

(b) Clear aircraft navigating on NDB facilities in accordance with para 2-5-2, NAVAID TERMS.

b. Different NAVAID's: Separate aircraft using different navigation aids by assigning tracks so that their protected airspace does not overlap.
(See FIG 8-4-12.)

FIG 8-4-11. Track Separation
Different NAVAID's

c. Dead Reckoning (DR):

1. Consider separation to exist between aircraft established on tracks that diverge by at least 45 degrees when one aircraft is at least 15 miles from the point of intersection of the tracks. This point may be determined either visually or by reference to a navigation aid.
(See FIG 8-4-13.)

FIG 8-4-13. Track Separation
Dead Reckoning