Portsmouth Collection Add. MS. 3975, Cambridge University Library, Cambridge University

Idea Of a table booke of ye <illeg.> & <illeg.>i Sand

• Ruby 1::6 . 5
  
• Espinela 1 . 5
  
• Balax 1 . 6
  
• Esmerald orient 1 . 10
  
• Saphire 1 . 40
  
• Topaz 1 . 20
  
• Iacynt 1 . 240
  
• Amatyst 1 . 360
  
• Crisolin 1 . 660
  
• Pearle 1 . 40
  
• Seed pearle under a
  Quilate = ye price of
  Gold & more.
  

• Beryll.
  
• Chrysoprasus.
  
• Granate.
  
• Iasper. <illeg.>
  
• Chrysolith.
  
• Sardonix
  
• Onyx = Chalcedony.
  
• Onyx = Sardius.
  
• Turquois
  
• Agate.
  
• Opales.
  
• Cornelian.
  
• Crystal.
  
• Cats Eyes.
  

Qr Is not ye Crisolin ye <Chryso->
lith or Grisolett. Ruby ye <illeg.>
zar name of ye Carbuncle
Anthrax. Balax. (Roberto Val<lensi>
(Theat. Chem. Vol. 1. p 26) <illeg.> a la<illeg.>
sive Palatius, perhaps ye Opale
a stone of various colours, shining
gloriously wth a mixture of
thin fire of ye Carbuncle ye
fulgent purple of ye Amethis<t>
& ye green sea of ye Emer<auld>
to wch (<illeg.> Emerauld)
Pliny) tis next in value. P
sets down ye value of Gemms <in>
this order. Diamond. Pearl <illeg.>
rald, <illeg.> Opale, Carb<illeg.>
Topaz. Schroder reccons ye To<illeg.>
& Chrysolith all one.

The hardest Gems are <di->
amonds. Next to them in <hard>
ness are Rubies. Topazes as <Sa->
phires & these seem to e<qual>
one another in hardnes
to differ only in their col<our>
Red yellow & Blew. Whenc<e>
some Iewellers take them <to>
be one kind of stone diff<illeg.>
only in their colour. For stones
distinguished by ye hardness
more certainly then by th<e> <co>
lour. So yt coloured ston<es>
wch equal Diamonds in hard
ness (as some do being yellowish
blewish greenish) are accounted Diamonds & coloure<d>
stones wch equal Saphires in hardness are white
saphires & sometimes Saphires have ye colour of
Chacedonian. The Iasper Sardonix Onix Turquois are p<illeg.>
The Agat Opales Cats eyes Cornelians Spar<illeg.>

<The rest of this page is beneath a repair and is illegible.>

<illeg.>sh stone The Grisolet is a hard Gem of a
blewish colour brought from ye East Indies
Rock crystal will cut glass, & is in weight
to Rain water as 2 3/5 or 2 5/8 to 1; & so are
white flints & allmost all pure solid pure transpa
rent stones. Those wch are heavier (as Gra
nates) have their weight from metallick tinctures.
Chymists tell us the Crystal, Granate, Topaz, Saphire
Emerauld, Ruby, Carbuncle are conceived rela
ted to , , , , , respectively. Pliny
l 37 c 5 tells us yt in Cyprus a stone was
found wch was one half an Emerauld ye other
half a Iasper the humours not being wholy
transformed: & reccons <B>erylls of the same nature with Emeraulds & those Berylls those Emeraulds ye best wch
are purely green like ye sea, those next wch are
paler with a<illeg.> glittering verging to a golden colour &
wch are called Chrysoberilli, those next wch are
paler verging more from a green to a golden
colour & wch are called Chrysoprasi & after
them he puts ye Hyacintizontes, the aeroides ye cerini & ye
oleagini, yt is of ye colour of a Hyacinth, of aer
<o>f wax & of oyle. A Topaz (our Chrysolith) is ye largest of
gemms & ye only gemm (of pretious ones) cut wth a
file It weares wth use & is of two sorts, ye
Prasois & ye Chrysopteros like ye Chrysoprasius
<illeg.>ll<illeg.>r ye proper colour of this stone is yt of a
Leek. The Callais or Turquois is of a pale
green: the greener the better. the Iasper is sometimes pel
lucid, tho not so much as other stones & is purple,
Indico blew or green. The best has an eye of purple.
the next <illeg.> of ye colour of a rose ye next to yt of an
emerauld. ye next of blew or sky colour. Its sorts are ye
Saphire (one i<illeg.>t of wch is either the Cyanus of a sky-like blew)
<illeg.> the Amethist of a violet or purple inclining to
ye colour of old wine, the Iacynth of ye colour of
wine, the Chrysolite pellucid wth a golden colour.
One had a rare saphire of mixt colours blew & reddish purple
another a saphire mixt wth a carbuncle wch ye
lapidaries <illeg.>d <illeg.>phire or saphirorubinus. See Pliny
commentator Lib. 37.

1. The rays reflected from Leafe Gold are yellow
but those transmitted are blew, as appeares by holding
a leafe of Gold twixt yor eye & a Candle.

2. Lignum Nephriticum sliced & about a handfull in
fused in 3 or 4 pints of faire water for a Night ye
liquor (looked on in a cleare violl) reflects blew
rays & transmits yellow ones. And if ye liquor
being too much impregnated appeares (wn looked through)
of a darke red it may bee diluted wth faire water
till it appeare of a Golden Colour.

3 The flat peices of some kinds of Glase will ex
=hibit ye same Phænomena wth Lignum Nephritic.
And these Phænomena of Gold & Lignum Nephriticum
are represented by ye Prisme in ye 37th experiment
as also in ye 22th & 24th Experiment.

4 But Generally <illeg.> bodys wch appeare of any colour
to ye eye, appeare of ye same colour in all
positions; Nay Gold if it bee not soe very thin
<illeg.> as to bee transparent appeares onely yellow
& perhaps ye yellow colour of Lignum Nephriti=
=cum would vanish if ye tincture bee strong
& ye liquor of a greate thicknesse. And perhaps
there are many coloured bodys wch if made so thin
as to bee transparent would appeare of one colour
to ye when looked upon & of another when
looked through. Perhaps Motes in ye Sun doe so, for
they appeare coloured. And

5 The tincture of Lignum Nephriticum may bee
deprived of its blew colour wthout any alteration
made in ye yellow by putting a little of any
acid salt into it (as spirit of Salt, of vinegar, of Vitrioll,
Leon juice, oyle of Vitrioll, Aqua fortis &c). And
Sulphureous Salts (whither Vrinous <illeg.> (i.e. Volatile salts of Ani=
mal substances) as Spirit of hartshorne of Vrin, of blood, of
Sal Armoniack; Or Lixiviate Vnctuous Alcalizate & fixed
salts made by incineration, as ye Solution of Salt of Tartar
of pot ashes, of common wood ashes, of lime water, Oyle of
Tartar &c) doe restore ye blew colour wthout making
any change in the yellow.

6 On a black peice of paper I drew a
line opq, whereof one halfe op was
a good blew ye other pq a good deepe red
(chosen by Prob.   of Colours). And looking on it
through ye Prisme adf, it appeared broken in
two betwixt ye colours, as at rst, ye blew parte rs being
nearer ye vertex ab of ye Prisme yn ye red parte st. <illeg.>
<illeg.> Soe yt blew rays suffer a greater refraction yn red ones.
‡ <in mg:>Note ‡ [I call those blew or red rays &c, wch make ye Phantome of such co= _lours.

The same Experiment may bee tryed wth a thred of two
colours held against ye darke.

7 Taking a Prisme, (whose
angle fbd was about 60gr)
into a darke roome into
wch ye sun shone only
at one little round hole
k. The colours <illeg.> proceeded in this
order from t to v And laying it ye Prisme
close to ye hole k in such manner yt ye rays, being
equally refracted at (n & h) their going in & out of <illeg.> it,
<illeg.> cast colours rstv on ye opposite wall. The colours should
have beene in a round circle were all ye rays alike
refracted, but their forme was oblong terminated at
theire sides r & s wth streight lines; theire bredth rs
being 2 1/3inches, theire length tv about 7 or eight in=
ches, & ye centers of ye red & blew, (q & p) being distant
about 2 3/4 or 3 inches. The distance of ye wall trsv from
ye Prisme being 260 inches.

8 Setting ye Prisme in ye midst twixt ye hole k & ye
wall opposite wall, in ye same posture, & laying a
boarde xy <illeg.> betwixt ye hole k & ye Prisme close
to ye Prisme, in wch board there was a small hole
as big as ye hole k (viz: 1/8 of an inch in Diameter)
soe yt ye rays passing through both those holes to ye Prisme might
all bee almost parallell (wanting lesse yn 7minutes,
wheras in ye former experiment some rays were in=
clined 31min). Then was the length & breadth of ye
colours on ye wall every way lesse yn before halfe ye former by
about 2 inches viz rs = 3/8inch, tv = 2 3/4 inch or <illeg.> inches, &
pq = <illeg.> 1 1/4inch.          Soe yt ye Red & blew rays wch
were parallel before refraction may bee esteemed to be
generally inclined one to another after refraction (some
more some lesse yn) 34min        And yt some of them
are inclined more yn a degree, in this case. And
therefore if theire sines of incidence (out of glass into
glasse aire) be ye same, theire sines of refraction will
generally bee in ye proportion of 225, to 226 <illeg.> <illeg.>
& for ye most extreamly red & blew rays, they
will bee as 130 to 131 +, or as 40<illeg.>.      ffor by ye
experiment if their angle of incidence out of ye glasse
into ye aire bee 30g. The angle <sic> refraction of ye red
rays being 48gr 35': ye angle of refraction of ye blew
rays will bee 48gr, 52', generally: but if ye rays bee
extreamly red & blew ye angle of refraction of ye
blew rays may bee more yn 49gr, 5'.

9 In ye <illeg.> 7th Experiment ye
colours appeared in this order,
but in ye 8th exprt: where ye
rays were more distinct &
unmixed

10 Painting a good blew & red colour on a peice of paper
neither of wch was much more luminous yn ye other (for
carrying ym gadually <sic> into ye darke, both grew faint alike
almost & disappeared together) if ye Prismaticall blew
fell upon ye colours they both appeared perfectly blew
but ye red paint afforded much ye fainter & darker
blew, but if ye Prismaticall red fell on ye colours they
both appeared perfectly ble red but ye painted blew afforded
much ye fainter Red. The Prisme was ordered as in ye
8th experiment. Note yt ye purer ye Red< or >Blew is ye lesse tis
visible wth blew< or >Red rays.

If two of these foure colours
11 If ye plate abcdsr bee
painted wth any two colours
& abcd bee ye lighter
colour, ye partition edge
of ye Colours, cd will <illeg.>
appeare through ye prisme txy of a redd <illeg.> colour, but
if cres bee ye lighter colour, their common edge cd
will through a prisme looke blew.

12 And this will
happen though ye colours differ not in species but only
in degrees, as if acdb bee black & cdsr darkness or
‡ <in mg:> ‡ blacker yn abdc ye edge dc will bee red & much
more conspicuous yn ye black, wch is strange.

13 But if in a darke roome (as in Experimnt 10) ye
prismaticall blew or redd fall on a paper abdc
ye edges of ye paper will not appeare otherwise coloured
through another Prisme yn to ye naked eye, viz: of ye
same colour wth ye rest of ye paper. [ffor ye first
Prisme perfectly seperats ye blew & red rays
whereas I beleive all ye colours proper to bodys are a little
mixed.]

14 Prismaticall colours appeare in ye eye in a contrary
order to yt <illeg.> in wch they fall on ye paper.

15 If a foursquare vessell abcd bee
made wth two parallell sides of
well pollished glasse AC BD, & bee
filled wth water; And if ye sunns
rays doe passing into a darke roome
throughe ye hole k doe fall very
obliquely on ye glasse sides of ye vessell & passe
through ye rays at their egresse shall paint colours on
ye paper Eff on wch they fall. [The blew & red
colours rays being seperated by ye first refraction.]

16 The colours are not made broader (as they would be
were ye prisme triangular) by removing ye paper far
ther from ye vessell. [becaus ye blew & red rays
become parallell againe after ye second refraction]
if the rays pass through two holes near or close to ye vessell on either side ye colours

17 The window k being opened yt ye Sun or other terminated light might shine in freely,
If I limited ye rays by an opace body held twixt ye wall
& ye vessel ye edge of yt bodys shaddow would not appeare
coloured. But if ye said body were on yt side ye vessel
towards ye sun its shaddow would be coloured on its edges

18. But in ye Triangular Prisme whither ye said body bee
held on ye one side or on ye other the edges of its
shaddow appeares coloured.

19. If you looke upon some uniformely luminous body (as
on ye cleare sky or a sheet of white paper &c) through a
triangular prisme. & hold ye said opace body on ye fur=
ther side of ye Prisme soe as to obscure parteone halfe
of ye said luminous body; the farther ye said <illeg.> opace
body is held from ye Prisme, ye more its edges will bee
coloured; & ye nearer, ye lesse; untill ye colours quite almost
vanish when ye said body becomes contiguous to <illeg.> is held close close to
ye Prisme.

20 But if instead of ye triangular Prisme you use ye
said 4square vessell ABDC, held obliquely yt ye rays
may bee much refracted in passing through it to yor eye;
when ye opake body is placed as you neare to ye vessell
as you can distinctly see it, yor eye being close to ye
vessell, ye edges of ye said body will appeare coloured:
wch colours are diminished by removing ye sd body farther
from ye vessell, & quite vanish when ye distance of
ye said body is very greate. Thus ye Sun, by
reason of his distance, appeares not coloured on his edges wn looked
on through ye said vessell, & yet in ye 15th Experiment
hee trajects colours on a peice of paper.

21 The colours made by this vessel on paper appeare imme=
diatly to ye eye in ye same order in wch they fall on paper.
but by ye △ Prisme yt order is divers.

Note, That ye more ye glasse sides of ye vessell ABCD are distant, ye
better it is; yt distance should not bee lesse yn 6 or 8
inches to make ye Phænomena conspicuous. Some of ye
Phænomena may bee tryed by tying two Prismes thus
together: But ye distance of theire sides is two little to exhibit ym all

22. If ye sun S shine upon ye Prism
def, some of his rays being transmitted
through ye base ef will make colours
on ye wall cb at b, others will bee
reflected wthout colouring ye wall to
ye wall at c making only a white
wthout colours; Now if ye Prisme bee soe inclined as that
ye rays ab bee refracted more & more obliquly, ye
blew colour will at last vanish from b; soe yt ye
red alone being refracted to b, ye blew will bee
reflected to c & make ye white coloure there to
appeare alittle <sic> blewish. But if ye Prisme bee yet more
inclined, ye red colour at b will vanish too & being
reflected to c will will <sic> make ye blewish colour
turne white againe.

23. If in ye open aire you looke at
ye Image of ye Sky reflected
from ye <illeg.> basis of ye Prism
<illeg.> ef, holding <illeg.> yor eye O almost
perpendicular to ye basis you will see ye one part
of ye sky ep (being as it were shaded wth a thin
curtaine) to appeare darker yn ye other qf.
[<illeg.> ffor all ye rays wch can come to ye eye from
qf, fall soe obliquly on ye basis as to bee all re=
flected to ye eye. Whereas those wch fall on can come
to ye eye from ep are so direct to ye basis as to
bee most of ym in front transmitted to g]: & ye
partition of those two parts of ye Sky, pq, appeares
blew; [ffor ye inclinations of ye rays <illeg.>, wch can come
to ye eye from pq, are so inclined to ye basis yt
all ye blew rays are reflected to ye eye whilst
most of ye red rays are transmitted through to g, ]
as in Eperimnt <sic> 22].

24 Tying two Prismes basis to basis
def & bef together: I
could so held ym in ye
sun beames, transmitted
through a hole into a
darke roome, yt they
falling pretty directly upon ye base ef (in fig 1) were
most of ym transmitted to B on ye paper CB; though
some of ym were reflected to C by ye filme of aire
ef betwixt ye Prismes. But both C & D were white Then I inclined ye Basis
(ef) of ye Prismes more & more to ye rays untill
B changed from white to Red, & ye white at C
became blewish; & inclining ye Prisme a little more
ye Red at B vanished, & ye blewish colour at C became
white againe. As in ye 22th Experiment.

25 If I held ye said Prismes in ye open air as in ye 23d
experiment, holding my eye at O (in ye 2d fig) to see
ye reflected sky ye Phænomena were ye same as in yt
23d experiment; ep appearing darker yn qf, & pq being
blew. But if I held my eye at N to see ye sky
through ye base of ye Prismes ef (or rather through ye
plate of aire betwixt those bases) there appeared ye
contrary Phænomena but much more plaine; ep being very light, qf very
darke, & pq very red. [The reason was given in
ye 23d experiment <]>

Note, That ye 22th & 24th (& all such like experiments yt
depend on ye require yt ye rays coming from a lumi=
nous body be all parallell wholly or almost parallell) would
bee more conspicuous were ye suns Diameter lesse, &
<illeg.> therefore for such like experiments his rays may bee
straitned through two small holes at a good distance
assunder, as was done in ye 8th Experiment.

Also ye 23th & 25t Experiment (most all most other such like
in wch looke immediatly the rays passe immediatly from
ye prisme to ye eye) would bee more conspicuous were ye
Pupill lesse yn it is, And therefore it would bee conveni=
ent to looke through a small hole at ye Prisme.

26 The colours in ye partion pq appeared to ye Eye O in
this order

27 The two Prismes being tyed hard <sic> together
then in trying ye 24th Experiment, there appeared
a white spot in ye midst of ye red colour
B, & a darke spot in ye blewish colour C.
And after ye base ef of ye Prismes was more
more <sic> inclined to ye rays , so yt ye red colour
vanished & yt (by ye laws of Refraction) noe light could
penetrate ye filme of aire ef, yet ye white spot
remained at B & ye blew darke one in ye midst
of ye li<illeg.>ght at <illeg.> C.

28 Holding my eye at O or N (in trying ye 25t Exper:)
very obliquely to ye basis ef; To my <illeg.> To my
eye at O appeared a black spot (R) in ye midst of ye
white basis (or filme of aire) ef, & to my eye at N
appeared a white spot (R) in ye midst of ye black basis
(or plate of aire) ef; though <sic> wch spot (as through a
hole in ye midst of a black body) I could distinctly see
any object, but could discerne nothing though <sic> any other
parte of ye appearingly black basis ef.

29 By variously pressing ye Prismes together at one end more
yn at another I could make ye said spot R run
from one place to another; & ye harder I prssed <sic> ye
prismes together, ye greater ye spot would appeare.
to bee. [Soe yt I conceive ye Prismes (their sides being
a little convex & not perfectly plaine) pressed away ye in=
terjacent aire at R & becoming contiguous at R in yt
spot, transmitted ye Rays there in yt place as if they
had beene one continuous peice of glasse; whereas ye
plate of aire (ef) is a very reflecting body: soe yt ye
spot R may bee called a hole made in ye plate of are
aire (ef)].

32 The colours of ye circles (in ye 30th & 31th Experiment) appeared
more distinct at C yn at B, & to ye Eye O yn to ye
Eye N. There being I conceive more colourlesse
some colourlesse light reflected wth ye coloured light to
O, & C but much more colourlesse light transmitted to
N & B; wch must needs dilute & b whiten & blend
the colours.

30 In ye 27th Experiment when ye colour white or red was
trajected on B, there would apeare severall circles of
colours about ye black ye white spot at B & also about ye darke
one at C. But those colours vanished between together wth ye red colour
at B: Growing greater & greater distincter untill they vanished.

31 Likewise in ye 28th Exper: when ye spot was on yt side ye
partition pq next ye eye, it appeared coloured<illeg.> to my
eye both at O & N, encompassed wth divers circles of
colours. Wch circles would grow greater & greater distincter by
how much ye coloured partition pq came nearer & nearer
to ym (yt is by how much ye base ef was more &
more oblique to ye rays) & soe vanished by degrees
as ye said limb <illeg.> pq came to ym. Before they began
to vanish they appeared round or Ellipticall thus
But in their vanishing if (especially if looked on
through a hole much smaller
then my pupill) they appeared
incurved thus.
But I could see ye most circles when I
looked on ym through a long slender
slit, for yn<illeg.> held parallel
to ye coloured limb pq, when ye circles
halfe disappeared: for yn I have numbered 25 red
circles esteeming each consecution of red & blew to bee one circle &<illeg.>blew<illeg.> & could perceive there were
many more so close together yt I could not number
ym; whereas wth my naked eye I could not discern
above nine or ten red ones & as many blew.

33 The circles are ye broadest
nearest to ye center & so beeing
narrower & narrower doe (I conceive
by ye exactest measure I could make)
incrase <sic> in number as ye interjacent aire doth in
thicknesse. (Sit cd = radio curvitatis vitri; efghik circuli
colorum; & el = fm/2 = gn/3 = hp/4 = iq/5 = kr/6 = crassitiei aëris <Translation><Translation: Let cd = the radius of curvature of the glass; efghik the circle of colors; & el = fm/2 = gn/3 = hp/4 = iq/5 = kr/6 = the thickness of the air.> .)
And this I observed by a sphæricall object glasse of a
Prospective tyed fast to a plaine glasse, so as to
make ye said spot wth ye circles of colours appeare.

34 By the fore named Prospective glasse
I observed (though not very exactly) yt
ye more obliquely ye ray tc was
incident to ye filme of aire ef twixt
ye glasses, ye more greater ye coloured
circles are in this proportion: Viz: as ye
summe of ye factus of ye motion of ye
incident ray into its velocity from ye perpendicularly towards ye aire ef
& of ye factus of ye motion of ye ray said ray in
ye aire ef into its motion perpendicularly through ye said aire is
to ye said factus when ye incident ray is perpendicu-
lar, soe soe is ye bignesse of ye coloured circles wn
ye incident ray is perpendicular, to ye bignesse of ye
same circles wn ye incident ray is oblique, soe is
dd × cv + ee × cs to dd + ee × ct. But ye spot in ye _{midst is not made greater or lesse by ye obliquity of ye rays, rather ye contrary}

35 When ye rays were perpendicular to ye aire ef, ye
diameter of 5 of ye circles was one parte, whereof
400 was ye radius dC of ye glasses curvity. the said
raius <sic> being 25inches Soe yt (el) ye thicknesse of ye aire
<illeg.> for one circles was 1/64000inch, or 0,000015625.
[wch is ye space of the a pulse of ye vibrating medium.]_{by measuring it since more exactly I find 1/83000 = to ye said thicknesse.}

36 Accordingly as ye glasses are pressed more or lesse together
ye coloured circles doe <illeg.> become greater or lesse.
& as they are pressed more & more together new circles
doe arise in ye midst untill at last ye said pellucid
spot R doth appeare.

37 The circles of colour appeare in this order from ye
center to ye eye O Or on ye paper at C viz
Darke (or pellucid), white,        yellow, greene, blew, purple,
Red, Yellow, greene, blew purple, Red, Yellow, Greene, blew &c.
But to ye eye N or on ye Paper at B they appeare in
this order Light (or pellucid) black,        blew, Greene,
yellow, Red, purple, blew, greene                     
soe yt those circles wch appeare Red to ye eye O, appea<re>
blew to ye eye N, & thos wch appeare blew to ye
eye O appeare of ye contrary colour red to ye Eye N.

38 Those circles wch appeare Red to ye eye O, & blew
to ye eye N are almost as broade againe as those
wch appeare blew to ye eye O & Red to ye eye N.

39 Holding ye <illeg.> said circles in a darke roome in ye
blew rays made by a Prisme (as ye 10th Experiment)
all ye said circles appeared blew but those wch in ye
discoloured light appeared red appeared of a blew
much more diluted yn ye others. And if ye
Red Prismaticall rays fell upon those circles ye all ye
circles appeared red but those circles wch in ye clear
light appeared blew, in ye Prismaticall red rays
appeared of a much fainter darker & obscurer
red yn ye others.

40 Whither these circles were held in ye Prisma=
ticall blew or red rays they still appeared of ye
same bignesse.

41 Putting water betwixt ye two Prismes instead of
ye fill filme of aire; There appeared all ye Phæno= <sic>
of ye said circles, & also of ye 22, 23, 24, & 25t
Experiments &c. Onely somwhat more of obscurely because
there is lesse refraction made out of glase into
water yn into aire; & yet

42 The coloured circles appeared as big when
there was a filme of water as when there was
a filme of aire betwixt ye <illeg.> Prismes.

43 If you make ye pellucid spot R nimbly to run to
& fro, There will appeare another spot S
to follow it, wch spot S exhibits such
Phænomena as it ought to doe were it a Spot of
aire, viz: <illeg.> To ye eye O it appeares white next ye
Spot R & yn ye Red &c, But to ye eye N it
appeares black next ye Spot R & yn blew &c: wch
colours it ought to have were it a filme of aire
(by exper 37). But it is not a filme of aire because
if ye Spot R rests a little, the water creepes into ye
said spot S & makes it vanish. It seemes therefore yt ye
water cannot nimbly enough follow ye spot R, but leaves
ye space S empty to bee possessed by Æther alone, utill <sic>
ye water have time to creepe into it.

44 Refracting ye Rays through a Prisme into a darke
rome (as in ye 7th Experiment) And holding another
Prisme about 5 or 6 yards from ye former to
refract ye rays againe I found ffirst yt ye blew
rays did suffer a greater Refraction by ye second Prisme then ye Red
ones.

45 And secondly yt ye purely Red rays refracted by ye
second Prisme made noe other colours but Red & ye
purely blew ones noe other colours but blew
ones.

46 If three or more Prismes
A, B, C, <illeg.> bee held in ye sun soe
yt ye Red colour of ye Prisme B
falls upon ye Greene or yellow colour
of ye Prisme A & ye Red colour of ye
Prisme C falls on ye Greene or yellow
colour of ye Prisme B; ye Said colours falling
upon ye Paper DE at P, Q, R, S. There will
appeare a Red colour at P & a blew one <illeg.>
at S but betwixt Q & R where ye Reds,
yellows, Greenes, blews, & Purples are bl of ye severall
Prismes are blended together there appeares a white.

47 Or if you cleame a peice of Paper on one side of ye Prisme wth severall
slits a, b, c, d, in it parallel to ye edges of ye Prisme
soe yt ye light passing through those slits make colours
on ye Paper DE; If ye said paper be held neare
to ye Prisme there will appeare for each slit
a, b, c, d, a coloured line r, s, t, v. The paper being
held farther of untill ye said coloured lines bee
blended together, there will appeare white twixt
p & q where those colours are blended; at m
there appeares Reds & at n blews. But if
ye paper bee still held farther of the white
colour _(pq) will appeare narrower & narrower untill
it vanish. & then gh on one side appeares Red
& gf on ye other side is blew.

49 A single superficies of Glasse reflects many
rays whither they passe out of glasse into aire or
out of aire into Glasse & yet two surfaces
of Glasse when contiguous (by ye 27th 28th &
29th Experiment) reflect ye Rays noe more then
if the glasses had beene one entire peice wthout
such a superficies betwixt ym.

48 As white was made by a mixture of all sorts
of colours (in ye 46th & 47th Experiment) Greene is made
by a mixture of blew & yellow, purple by a
mixture of red & yellow, &c

50 Thin fflakes of Muscovy Glasse, Bubbles wch
children make of sope & water, ye thin skum
of l molten leade, of cooling iron, water wiped
very thin on glasse, glasse blowne very thin, &c
represent ye Phænomena of ye coloured circles in ye
30th and 31st Expe &c. To wch may bee referred coloured
motes in ye Sun or in liquors, or pouders, or sollid
bodys; ye slender coloured threds of cobwe some
cobwebbs, of silke wormes, & of flax finely dressed
(though ye flax in spining looseth its glosse, because
ye <illeg.> flat thredds cleave together againe into
two greate a thicknesse see Exper 49).

51 If ye Sun S shine
upon a large glasse
Globe abd filled wth
water And if you
hold your eye very
neare to ye globe, ye
rays <illeg.>bp will
appeare coloured redd & ye farther you hold yor eye from
ye glasse ye lesse they appeares coloured, untill ye
colour vanish. But ye Rays rd & fq appeare co=
loured at wt distance so ever yor eye bee placed
from ye Globe. The like you may observe by letting
ye colours fall on a peice of paper.

52 Though one termination of light trajected through
ye Prisme will not make both blews & reds; yet
in ye <illeg.> this globe it doth (see Cartesij Diopt Meteora
cap 8 sec 9) ffor ye rays rd & fq make all sorts
of blews & reds; indeed by ye rays bp ye red is
very distinct but ye blew is scarce discernable.

53 Note That The colours of ye Rainbow must bee ex=
plicated by ye rays rd & fq (vide Cartesij Meteor
Cap 8 sec 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15<Translation><Translation: see Descartes, Meteorology, Ch. 8, sect. 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15>) ffor ye bow may bee _{mad by drops of water forcibly cast up into ye aire.}

54 The spot R (mentioned in Experimnt ye 52d) <illeg.> grows
lesse & lesse by how much ye rays fall more &
more obliquely on <illeg.> ye intermediate filme of aire ef.
[wch seemes to intimate yt ye thinness of ye interme=
diate filme of aire (or rather Æther) augments its
refraction, untill (when ye glasses become contiguous) it
bee æquall to yt of glasse]

55 The surfaces of Glasse doe not reflect soe much light
when ye glasse is in water as when it is in aire
& ye lesse any two mediums differ in refraction ye
lesse their intermediate surface reflects light [wch
intimates yt tis not ye superficies of Glasse or any
smoth pellucid body yt reflects light but rather
ye cause is ye diversity of Æther in Glasse &
aire or in any contiguous bodys ] though ye parts
of ye Glasse must necessarily reflect some rays.

56 The pouders of Pellucid bodys is white soe is a cluster
of small bubles of aire, ye scrapings of black or cleare
horne, &c: [because of ye multitude of reflecting surface]
soe are bodys wch are full of flaws, or those whose
parts lye not very close together (as Metalls, Marble, ye
Oculus Mundi Stone &c) [whose pores betwixt their parts admit
a grosser Æther into ym yn ye pores in their parts], hence

57 Most Bodys (viz: those into which water will soake as
paper, wood, Marble, ye Oculus Mundi Stone, &c) become
more darke & transparent by being soaked in water
[for ye water fills up ye reflecting pores]

58 If wth a bodkin gh

58 I tooke a bodkin gh
& put it betwixt my
eye & ye bone as
neare to ye end of
backside of my eye
as I could: & pressing
my eye wth ye end of
it (soe as to make ye
curvature a, bcdef in my
eye) there appeared severall
white darke & coloured circles
r, s, t, &c. Which circles were
plainest when I continued to rub my eye wth ye
point of ye bodkin, but if I held my eye & ye
bodkin still, though I continued to presse my eye
wth it yet ye colours circles would grow faint
& often disappeare untill I renewed ym by moving
my eye or ye bodkin.

59 If ye experiment were done in a light roome so
yt though my eyes were shut some light would
get through their lidds There appeared a blew<illeg.>
or redish spot in ye midst at srs, r greate broade
blewish darke circle outmost (as ts), & wthin that
another light spot srs whose colour was much
like yt in ye rest of ye eye as at k. Within
wch spot appeared still another blew spot r,
espetially if I pressed my eye hard & wth a small
pointed bodkin. & outmost at vt appeared a verge of light

60 But on ye contrary if I tryed ye Experiment in very
darke roome ye circle ts apeared of of a <illeg.> Reddish light
sr of a darkish blew & ye middle spot r appeared
lighter againe; & there seemed to be a circle of
darke blew tv wthout ye circle ts ye outmost of all.
[I conceive (in ye 60th experiment) where ye curvature of ye Retina at
ma & fn began & was but little ye blew colour
tv was caused; at ab & ef where ye Retina was
most concave, ye bright circle ts was caused: at bc,
& de where ye Retina was not much incurved nor
strained ye darke blew circle sr was caused &
at cd where ye Retina was stretched & made
convex ye light spot r appe was caused. In ye
59th Experiment ye spirits were str perhaps strained
out of ye Retina at ab, ef, & cd or otherways made
incapable of being acted upon by light & soe <illeg.>
made darker colours a lesse appearance of light yn ye rest of ye eye Retina]

61 That ye same circle ts wch appeared light in
ye darke, appeared darke in ye light I could found
by removin suddenly letting in light into a darke darke <sic>
roome for yn ye bright circles would imediatly turne
into darke ones & ye darke ones into bright ones.

62 I could sometimes perceive vivid colours of blew
& red, made by ye said pressure & perhaps a criticall eye might have
discerned this order of colours. in ye 60th experi
ment viz from ye center greene, blew, purple,
darke, purple, blew, greene, yellow, red , like flame,
yellow, greene, blew, broade purple, darke.

63 Looking on a very light object as ye Sun or his
image reflected; for a while after there would
remaine an impression of colours in my eye: viz:
white objects looked red & soe did       all
objects in ye light, but if I went into a dark
roome ye Phantasme was blew.

64 That vision is made in the retina appeares because colours are
made by pressing the bakside of the eye; but when ye eye turns
towards ye pressure soe yt it is pressed before ye colours cease.

The <illeg.> Tunica Retina grows not from ye sides of of ye opticks
nerve <illeg.> (as ye other two wch rise one from ye dura, ye other
from ye Pia mater) but it grows from ye middle of ye nerve
sticking to it all over the extremity of its marrow. Which
Marrow if <illeg.> _{the nerve} bee any where cut cross wise twixt ye eye
& ye union of the nerves, appeares full of small spots or pim
ples, wch are a little prominent, especially if the <illeg.> nerve
be pressed or warmed at a candle. And these shoot into ye very
eye & may bee seene wth in side where ye retina grows to ye
nerve: and they also continue to till ye very juncture EFGH.
But at this juncture they end on a
suddein into a more tender white
pap like the interior part of the
braine & soe ye nerve continues
after ye juncture into ye braine
filld wth a white tender pap
in wch can bee seene noe
distinction of parts as betwixt
ye said juncture & ye eye.

Now I conceive that y every point
in the retina of one eye hath
its correspondent point in ye
other, from wch two pipes very
slender pipes filld wth a most lympid liquor doe very eaven & regular
wth_out either interruption or any other
uneavenesse or irregularity in
their processe, goe along the op-
tick nerves <illeg.> to ye juncture EFGH where they meete
ye one halfe either twixt GF ye other twixt or FH, & there unite
into one pipe as big as both of them, & so continue in one
passing either twixt IL or MK into ye braine where they are
terminated perhaps at ye next meeting of ye nerves twixt
ye Cerebrum & cerebell, in ye same order that their extemitys
were scituate in the Retinas. And so there are a vast multitud
of these slender pipes wch flow from the braine the one halfe
through the right side nerve IL till they come at the juncture
GF where they are each divided into two branches the one passing
by G & T to ye right side of ye right eye AB the other
halfe shooting through ye juncture EF & soe passing by X to
ye right side of the left eye α;β. And in like manner
other halfe shooting through the left side nerve MK divide
themselves at FH & their branches passing by EV <illeg.> to the
right ey & by HY to the left, compose that 1/2 of the Retina
in both eys wch is towards ye left side, CD, & γδ.

Hence it appears 1 why ye two images of both eyes make but
one image abcd in the braine. 2 Why when one eye is distor
ted objects appear double, ffor if ye image of any object
bee made upon A in the one ey & β in the other, yt
object shall have two images in the <illeg.> brain at <illeg.>
a & b. Thefore <sic> the pictures of any object ought to
bee made upon the corresponding points of ye two Retinas
if upon A in ye right ey then upon α; in ye left. If
upon B then also upon β. And soe shall ye motions
concurr after they have past ye juncture GH & make one
image at a or b more vivid then <illeg.> one ey alone
could doe. 3 Why though one thing may appeare in two
places by distorting the eys yet two things cannot appear
in one place. If the picture of one thing fall upon A
& of another upon α;, they may both procee <sic> to p but
noe farther, they cannot both be carried on ye same pipes
pa into ye braine, that wch is trongest <sic> will there or most
helped by fantacy will there prevaile & blot out ye
other. 4 Why a blew seene by one eye & a yellow by
the other at ye same time produces a greene unlesse
ye fantasy make one colour prædominant. 5tly Why if
one of the branches of ye nerve beyond ye juncture as at
as at <sic> GF or FH should bee cut: That halfe of both eys
toward ye wounded nerve would bee blind, the other halfe
remaing perfect. 6tly Why the juncture is broader almost as broad again twixt
G & H then twixt E & F, becaus all the tubuli of both
eys pass twixt G & H & but 1/2 of them twixt E & F. _{It is not quite so broad again because ye tubuli crossing <illeg.> &c: also ye thicknes of the tunicks}
7tly why the processes nerve GILF buts not directly <illeg.>
upon the nerve XEHY, but deviates verges a little to <illeg.> stand deviates <illeg.>
a little towards TV because its Tubuli are to passe only into
that side of the nerve EHYX towards EX. The like of FMKH 8thly why the
marrow of the nerve TVEG grows soft on a suddein when
it comes at the juncture EF & more suddenly on that side to
wards G then towards E. And the like of the nerve EXYH
For it being necessary that the nerve TVEG should bee stretcht
& bended severall ways by the motion of the eye: Therefore
the tubuli are involved in severall to or wrought up wth in the
substance of severall tough skins wch being foulded up toge
ther compose ye marrow of ye nerve, pretty sollid & flexible
least ye tubuli should be prejuced by the severall motions
of the nerve. And those small pimples or prominences wch
appeare in the nerve cut crosse wise I conceive to bee ye made
by the foldings of these crasser skins. But the nerve at ye
juncture EGFH being well guarded from all violence &
motion caused by the motio by the bones into wch it is
closely adapted: tis not necessary the said membranus substance
should be continued any further then EG therefore the tubuli
there on a suddein unsheath themselves those on ye inner side
of the nerves might towards VE & XE may severally crosse
twixt EF & bee united wth their correspondents on the other
sides YH & TG. Now because ye inner tubuli must first crosse
before they can convene wth the outmost tubuli of the opposite
nerve hence it is that ye nerves grow soft sooner on ye inner
side at E then on ye outer side at G & H.
  

9thly why ye two nerves meet a second time in the braine, be=
cause ye two half images caried along IL & MK may bee
againe unite united into one complete image in the sensory.
Note yt ye nerves at their contact meeting are round about disjoyned
from ye rest of the braine, nor are they soe thick there as a
little before their meeting. But by their externall figure
they seeme as if the capillamenta concentered like ye radij of a hemisphere to a point in
ye lower part of the juncture. And tis probable yt the visive
faculty is there for else why doe the nerves swell there to so great a bulke as
it were preparing for their last office, why doe they run directly crosse
from eitherside the braine <illeg.> to meet there if the <illeg.> designe was that
they might not cumber by to have ye motions coveyed by the shortest
cut from ye eye to ye <illeg.> sensori before they grew too weak.
If they were to proceed further their meeting here their swelling to
so great a bulke , they might have gone a shorter cut & in a lesse
channell. There is indeed a marrow shoots from under them toward
ye cerebrellum <illeg.> to wch they are united but ye greatest part of
their substance if not all of it shoots <illeg.> lys above this marrow
& also shoots cross beyond it to ye center of the brain where they meet.
Lastly the substance here is most pure, ye scituation <illeg.> in ye mist of
the brain, & ventricles where they constituting ye upper part of that small
passage twixt _all ye ventricles. <illeg.> where all superfluous humors have the
greatest advantages to slide away that they may not incumber yt prci
ous organ

Light acts not upon seldom striks upon ye parts of grosse bodys (as
may bee seen in its passing freely through them), its reflection & re-
fraction is made by ye diversity of æthers, & therefore it effect
on the Retina can only bee to make this vibrate wch motion then
must bee either carried in pupil ye optick nerve to ye sensorium or produce other
motions that are carried thither. Not ye latter for water is too
grosse for such subtile impressions & <illeg.> as for animall spiritts
though I tyed a peice of ye optick nerve at one end &
warmed it in ye middle so see if any aery substance by that
meanes would disclose it selfe in bubbles at the other end, I
could not spy the least bubble; a little moisture only & ye mar
row it selfe squeezed out. And indeed they that know how
difficultly aire enters small pores of bodys, have reason to suspect
yt an aery body though much finer then aire can pevade easily &
wthout violence (as it ought to doe) ye small pores of the braine
& nerves, I should say of water, because those pores are filld wth
water, & if it could it would bee too subtil to bee imprissoned
by ye dura mater & Skull, & might passe for æther. However,
bee those spirits grosser wt need of such spirits much Motion is ever lost by communica
tion especially twixt bodys of different constitutions: and
therefore it can noe way bee conveyed to ye sensorium so
entirely as by the æther it selfe. Nay granting mee but
that there are pipes filld wth _a pure liqu tranparent liquor
passing from ye ey to ye sensori & ye vibrating motion
of ye æther will of necessity run along thither. ffor nothing
interrupts that motion but reflecting surfaces, & therefore
also yt motion cannot stray out of its pipe through ye reflecting
surfaces of ye pipe but must run along (like a sound in
a trunk) intire to ye sensorium. And that vision bee thus made
is very conformable to the sense of hearing wch is made
by like vibrations.

ffrom ye whitenes of the brain & nerves the thicknesse of it vessells may
be determined & their cavitys guessed at. And its pretty to
consider how these agree wth the utmost distinctnesse in vision.
As also wth ye extent of nature in conveying diestinctly ye
motions of the Aether.

If rays be incident out of glasse upon a film of
of <sic> air terminated twixt two glasses, the thicknesse of
a vibration is 1/81000, or 1/80000 part of an inch

If water was put twixt the glasses the thicknes of
a vibration was 1/100000inch, of 3/4 of its former
dimensions. viz as ye densitys of the interjected mediums.

If ye rays were incident obliquely, the circles increase
so that their <illeg.> diameters are as ye secants of the
rays oblique incidence on ye sphericall film of aire obliquity
wthin the film of air, or reciprocally as their celeri
ty wthin the said film.

And the thicknesse belonging to each vibration is as
the squares of those secants of celeritys, And ye
lengths belo of ye rays belonging to each vibration
as their cubes.

The first pulse ends at the first dark circle

The thicknesse of a pulse of extream rubiform rays to that
of purpuriform ones perpendicularly incident is greater
then 3 to 2 & lesse then 5 to 3. viz as 9 to
14 or 13 to 20. And the thicknesse belong_ing to
each coulour is <illeg.> 13, 14 14 <illeg.> 1/2, 15 1/2 16 1/2. 17 1/2. 18 1/2. 19.
for extreame purple, intense purple, Indico, blew,
green, ye terminus of green & yellow, yellow,
orange, red, extream red.

Mr Boyle mentions one that by sickness became so ten
der sighted as in ye dark night to see & distinguish plainly ye
colours of ribbans (& other objects) on purpose pinned on ye
inside of his curtains against he awaked. Of ye determinate
nature of Effluviums p 26, And of another yt by a feaver
became of so tender hearing as to hear plainly soft whispers
at a distance wch others could not at all perceive, but
when he grew well his hearing became but like yt of other
men. Ibid.

Stipic vegetables, as gall, oaken bark, red roses, Log-
wood, Sumach & turn vitriol to a black precipitate

1/2lb of Galls cut in pieces or grosly
beaten, 1/4 of Gumm Arabick cut or
broken. Put 'em into a Quart of strong
beer or Ale. Let 'em stand a month
stopt up, stirring them now & then. At
ye. end of the moneth put in 1 or
1 1/2 of copperas (Too much copperas
makes ye ink apt to turn yellow.) Stir
it & use it. Stop it up for some
time with a paper prickt full of
holes & let it stand in ye sunn.
When you take out ink put in so
much strong beer & it will endure
many years. Water makes it apt to
mold. Wine does not. The air also
if it stand open inclines it to mold.
With this Ink new made I wrote this.

To know ye prsent density of ye aire (whither it bee caused by heate
& cold or by ye gravity of ye Atmosphære or pressure of ye Moone &c) use
an open weather=Glasse either wth ye included
aire above (fig A), or Below (fig B), or having
it seperated from ye outward aire by a
movable drop of water onely (fig C) soe yt ye
instrument may bee capable of all positions.

The like may bee done (by filling ye Glasse C wth water &c)
if you would know ye prsent density of water or any other
liquor. Or if you would know ye prsent density of any sollid
body; fill one Glasse wth water, & another wth water & yt solid
together, soe yt ye quantity of wat<illeg.>er in both glasses bee knowne
&c. AND note yt heate & cold or ye Atmosphærs gravity &c may
cause the glasse it selfe to rarify or Condense perhaps considerably
which may render ye instruments ye lesse exact & certaine untill
ye expansion of Glasse be knowne

To know ye Density of Liquors caused by heate &c wthout ye
weight of ye Atmosphære; seale those liquors up (fig D),
leaving a little aire in ye top of ye Glasse wch may
give leave to ye water to contract & dilate. And this
May <illeg.> pretty exactly discover ye heat <illeg.> & coldnesse of ye
weather, or of any sollids or liquors tis Applyed too; but
to find how much hotter or colder any body is yn ye prsent
aire is better don by ye former instruments (fig C or B)

To know ye prsent Elasticity of any spring weakened
or strengthened by heate or cold; hang
a weight at ye spring (fig E), or to
a spindle to wch ye (spirall) spring is
fastened (fig F) & the point of ye
spring (fig E) or ye handle of ye spindle
(fig: F) will shew its strength &weakness _{& consequently ye heat & coldnesse of ye weather.}
But note that it <illeg.> is heare supposed yt
ye weight of a body is always ye same, & yt tis only ye
variation of heate & cold wch varys ye strength of a spring.
Which things deserve a further inquiry after. And indeed ye
weight of ye Atmosphære varying will somwhat vary ye weight
of other Bodys though not much. & this may bee remedyed by
sealing up ye instrument in a glasse receiver.

There may bee made a Staticall Baroscope to find
ye Gravity of aire water or other liquor occupying a given quantity
of space at all times. see ffig G

And a Mercuriall Baroscope to find ye w<illeg.>eigh' of all ye
Atmosphære above us. & a Hygroscope for ye moisture of ye
aire. All wch instruments being observed & compared together
in ye same or divers times altitudes & places may discover
many things about heate & cold, vapors, rarity & density of bodys,
their gravity, & Elasticity ye pression of ye Moone, <illeg.> state
of ye weather &c.

The Best liquor for ye sealed Thermoscope is highly
rectifyed spirit of wine, brought to a lovely red with
Cochineele opened by ye most subtile volatile spirit of Vrin
by wch meanes ye liqour becomes visible, free from freezing
& yet very apt to bee rarifyed by ye least impressions
from externall bodys such as would but faintly worke
on water though yt bee <illeg.> easily apt to freeze. Boyle, p: 57

Mr Boyle onece poyzed a Bubble of Glasse soe
exactly in water yt it would ascend or descend more or
lesse accordingly as ye water was more or lesse heated.
And in some ts of ffrance watermen observe yt Rivers
beare boats heavyer loaden in winter yn in soer
And some seamen observe their ships to draw lesse water
on ye coasts of frozen Regions (though ye water bee
fresher there) then on or British Seas. Mr Boyle; pag 69 & 70 _{History of Cold}

Our Senses are noe competent judges of cold because
our bodys doe heate those things to wch they are contiguous
& hence things appeare war lesse cold then others <illeg.> wch are
more easily susceptible of ye heate of or bodys (though really
they bee more cold. Thus aire appeares warmer yn water
& water yn quicksilver & yet by ye Thermoscope tis evi
dent yt quicksilver is warmer yn water & water yn aire.
& thus wee see ye more sollid any Body is, ye higher de=
gree of heate it will receive from fire or ye sommer sunn
& retaine it ye longer as also tis ye longer in acquiring it
Mr Boyle pag 6, 9, 10, 11, of his History of Cold

Hence winds are cold because they remove ye contiguous
warmed aire from or bodys faster yn or bodys can warm ye
adventitious aire. And if wee blow violently on or hands it appears
cold because or breath agitating ye neighbouring aire into vortices
makes it suceede ye warme aire contiguous to or hands. But if
wee breath gently soe yt or warme breath come to or hands
wthout agitating ye neighbouring cold aire yn wee feele it
warme.

But besides there may bee other causes of or senses being im=
posed upon, as severall steams in ye aire. Thus a little opium
is able to chill & coole ye whole masse of blood in a man
wch is though ten times a greater quantity of it dissolved in ten
times a lesse quantity of water is not able sensibly to coole
it. & in China (whose greatest latitude is but 42gr) from ye
midst of November to ye begining of March ye Rivers are
all so frozen up yt ships are laid fast where ye frost
first seizeth ym & carts & horses &c securely passe
over ym: & yet ye inhabitants feele not so much cold
as would produce ice in Europe or compell an European
to ye Chymney Corner. Which divers effects on theires & or
senses must bee referred to subterraneous exhalations. The
frost is mostly made in one day though dissolved in many.

Also hee yt compares ye reports of his senses to yt of a
sealed Thermoscope will find some disagreement twixt ym
that often shewing ye aire to hotter when men judg it
colder & colder wn they judg it hotter. B: p: 6, 7, 15, 16,

And if heat bee nothing but ye agitation of a bodys ts
there may be frigorifick steames wch by fettering <illeg.> ye parts of a
body may <illeg.> coole it (as well as ye adjacency of cooler bodys)
& steames wch are frigorifick to one body neede not bee
soe to another. <illeg.> as ye instances of Opium & China seeme to
prove, thus ye steames of leade deprive Mercury of it fluidi
ty but not water & yet water will freze wn mercury
will not. And there bee severall <illeg.> liquors wch mixed wth
ye agitated spirit of wine will bring it to a consistency &c
& there is a certaine substance wch mixed wth a certaine
liquor makes it appeare cold to sense, wch has noe such effects
on water. B: pag 50, 51, 52, 53.

And there may bee calorifick steames too wch are so to one
body & not to another. for there are severall liquors & other substan
ces, wch wn mixed with other bodys produce an intense degree of heat in some but not in all _bodys.

And a sealed Thermoscope filled wth spirit of wine beeing put
into a certaine liquor, ye included liquore rose exceding slowly
& to a wonderfull height (8 or 9 inches in a stem of 12
inches long) & ye Thermoscope being taken out & put into
cold water yt       ye liquor might subside in 5 or more
howers it              subsided not more yn halfe an inch
& standing           all night in ye <illeg.> aire it subsided not
sensibly           more. how much it at last subsided I know
not. Boyle      pag 60, 61.

Oyle of Annis=seeds wch is a very hot & strong liquor freezes
sooner yn water, & some liquors noe lesse peircing yn aqua fortis
are easlyer congealeable yn ye generality of Chymicall Oyles &
salines spirits. B: p 49.

Perhaps a wind striking deeper into or skin then ye calm
aire may therefore appeare colder then really it is pag 6.

Severall acid Salts of (as spirit of Sugar, & vinegar; but better of
Salt, & oyle of vitriol & best ye spirit of Nitre) <illeg.>
being mixt wth Snow or ice in a thin glasse bottle
would condence water vapors on ye out side of ye Glasse
& freeze it into flakes of ice. The like might bee
done by Vrinous salts though not so well (as wth spirit
of Vrin, & better of Sal <illeg.> Armoniack drawne from quick
lime). Also it may bee done wth grosser salts as Sall Gem
wth loafe & Kitchin Sugar, wth a strong solution of pot
ashes, wth a sweet solution of Minium in spirit of vinegre.
& very well wth spirit of wine (though Chymists generally
esteeme it a Vegetable Sulphur). In Generall any thing
wch hastened ye dissolution of ye Snow produced ye effect
of freezing or condensing vapors wth out side ye Glasse. & therefore ye hot oil
of fyery Oyle of Turpentine had small effect because it
<illeg.> dissolved ye Snow or ice noe faster yn common water. But warme
water powred into Snow (or heated Sand) produced store of
vapors on ye out side of ye Glasse & perhaps if prosecuted
might have produced Ice. The same effects were produced
in ye aire though ye Glasse Snow & salts were hermetically sealed
up in ye Glasse. And ye Glasse being weighed during ye
experimnt A mixture of Snow & Sal Gem or spirit of wine
has produced weighing almost foure ounces produced an accession
of vapors weighing 18 or 20 graines in about a spoonefull. Boyle
from pag 108 to Pag 132.

Of all bodys common sea salt dissolves Snow & beaten Ice ye fastest
& makes it freze other bodys ye soonest & hardest (pag 113), there
being mixed about 1/3 or 1/4 t of soe much salt as snow either at once
or gradually, & if you would freze an inclosed liquor begin at
ye bottom or sides & let ye top <illeg.> be last frozen least it break ye Glasse _{pag 181.}

Common Water, Vrin, Beer Milk, Ale, Vinegar freze pretty easily,
ffrench & Rhenish wine will freeze in cold weather but not so
easily, & so will a strong solution of Gum Arabick, white sugar,
nay of Alume Vitriol salt=peter, <illeg.> seasalt, & verdigrease <illeg.>
& so did spirit of Vinegre & Vrin, & ye lixiviate salt of Pot ashes
The last froze wth branches like Christalls of Rocked Peetre some
lying level others shooting downe, & many other salt liquors are
prettily figured in freezing. Oyle of Tartar (at least a strong solution of
fixed salt of Tartar) was once frozen by snow & salt. pag 134, 135.

Common expressed Oyles may be brought deprived of their fluidity
so as to bee cut in peices but not frozen into truely brittle ice though ye cold be more intense yn tis
in England (<illeg.> yet some say they may bee frozen to brittle ice)
And in Muscovy common Annised water ma and weake
spirits may bee turned into imperfect ice & very strong
spirits to a substance like oyle. pag 137, 139.

Aqua fortis Spirit of Nitre, of Salt, Oyle of Turpentine
& most Chymicall Oyles (yet the essentiall oyle of Anniseds &c freezes sooner yn
common water <illeg.> so will ye Empireamaticall oyle of common Oyle)
also spirit of wine & sack if very good & a strong brine of
common salt & Quicksilver could not be brought to freze. If ye spirits of Sack
were burnt away ye fflegme would freze. Traine oyle is
lesse apt to freeze yn other Vegetable expressed oyles (wch oyle is made of ye fat
of animalls commonly of whalls). A solution of sugar of
Lead will not freze though its ingredients lead bee cold & spirit
of Vinegre will freeze. Sea Water will wth<illeg.>not very difficultly
freeze but ye ice dissolved is pretty fresh so that to beery divers
in Amsterdam make beere of it. from pag 140 to 148.

The heate of liquors may bee knowne by iersing ye
Thermoscope into them & ye heate of Sollids by immersing
ye Thermoscope into ye pouder of ye Sollid, or by making
ye Thermoscope wth a flat bottome so yt it may bee closly
applyed to ye Sollid. The actuall heat of liquors is lesse divers yn one would _think

Oyle of Turpentine <illeg.> of a moderate coldnesse being immersed
in water wch began to freze shrunke one 94th parte & being
further refrigerated by water snow & salt shrunke as much more
so yt in all it lost one 47th te. It being put againe into
freezing water, it expanded. Common water of a moderate
state as to warmness could not be bee brought to shrinke more
yn one 230th parte before it expanded by freezing. pag 161, 168

As cold heat extends farthest upwards (by reason yt flame
& aire rarifyed wth heate ascend) so perhaps cold may act
farthest downwards because ye contiguous aire or water &c: condensed by cold
will descend: but experiments doe not manifest much difference twixt
ye ascent & descent of cold: but ye sphrære <sic> of its activity is very
small not reaching to freze much above 1/2 a <illeg.> barly corne length from
<illeg.> a mixture of snow & ice. pag

Perhaps as aire about a hot body (as red hot glasse &c) ascend
ing <illeg.> in cloud refractive clouds makes remote objects seeme to
quaver soe aire condensed by cold bodys may descend in clouds
& have ye same refractive property.

Bodys are preserved from corruption longest in ye greatest
cold if they freize not. As in frozen regions beere & meate may
bee preserved in hogsheads under ye ice without any decay
for many Months. And Bodys frozen during ye time of
theire continuing frozen they manifest noe corruption. As
some say yt in Greenland nothing corrupts & frozen carkasses
being buried have continued 30 yeares uncorrupted free from any
rotennesse. Bodys when thawed againe they manifest some chang
in their texture & yt much more when thawed suddenly by ye
fire then when leisurely of themselves or by being immersed in
water or rubbed over wth <illeg.> snow. Thus bere & beife & chese
apples &c if long frozen & thawed by ye fire become almost or
wholly insipid (ye apples prsently rotting &c), if thawed with water or snow
they will bee decayed but nothing neare so much. ffrozen meat
layd to ye fire to roast would not be well roasted & after
many howers it would yet continue raw in ye midst & would
eate scurvily, but if it was first thawed in water it would roast
& eate pretty well. When a mans nose ears cheeks &c: are
frozen hee feeles it not, & if hee goe immeadiatly to a fire
or stove hee loses ye ts frozen, but not if hee rub them wth
snow or dip ym f in water. A man frozen all over &
rigid being immersed into a tub of water hee was presently incrusted
wth ice all over And soe recovered loosing only his finger & toe
ends. Another was recovered by being rubbed all over wth snow
and all ye while felt noe paine but a little prickling at his recovery.
Eggs, Apples, Chese men &c well frozen & thawed in water produce
a crust of ice about ym; perhaps some solids as Glasse iron &c
may have ye same effect pag: 605 &c. ffrost makes stones iron (as ye laths of
crosbows) mens bones nay horne p. 607 &c brittle, it cleaves wood (perhaps by swelling
it) & makes it very hard so yt a tree well frozen cannot bee
cut downe unlesse well first thawed wth fire. & yet some in
England observe yt wood will cleave best in frosty weather.
Things thaw faster in water yn aire & therefore produce a
crust of ice in ye water though they gather noe vapors on their
outsides in ye aire, as a dissolution of snow by salt doth. In frozen
beere ye strength & spirits recede into ye unfrozen yeast. The Christ
talline humor frozen becoms white & some such thing happens in
frozen eggs, & they have severall concentric sphæres involving one another _{from pag 184 to pag 222.}

Water Milke urin Rhenish wine a solution of Dantzick Vitriol and perhaps solids &c shrinke wth cold untill
they begin to freze & then they swell againe in frezing as appeares
by their <illeg.> breaking Glasses, their rise in ye Thermoscope when froze at the bottom, the
convex swelling of ice in broad strong vessells, ye swiming
of ice in ye liquor unfrozen ye standing of frozen clocks <illeg.> the cracking of frozen eggs, wood
pewter or iron vessells filld wth water of solid brasse &c. Milk swells more by frezing
yn wine Rhenish wine & that wine yn Vrin yn milke, though Vrin
is longer before it freze. Spirit of Wine though it will not
freeze yet after it had shrunke much by extreme cold began
to swell againe though not so much as it shrunke before.
Quicksilver by cold shrinks considerably, more yn all ye aire in its
pores amounts to, but it swells not againe noe more doe any
oyles whither common (expressed) oyles or essential oyles (drawne
in Lymbecks by ye helpe of water & fire<)>, or empyreamaticall
oyles driven out of retorts by violent fires; though they
will all shrinke considerably & some of ym (as oyle of Anniseeds)
will freze. The ice of that & other oyles sinke in ye fluid oyle. _{from pag 222 to p 244}

The ice of common water & of other liquors appeares
full of of bubbles (wch may bee ye cause of its expansion)
Some greate as a pease others like haile <illeg.> Shot mustard seed or
lesse. Wch bubbles are not wholly filled wth true aire ffor a glasse
full of water being wholly frozen & yn sealed up hermetically
& then thawed againe, ye water would subside to its station
before frezing; If you then inverted ye glasse & immersed it
it <sic> in water & broke of ye tip of ye stem, ye externall water
would rush in till it had filled almost all ye space of ye stem wch ye
water had deserted so yt (excepting sometimes a 4th, 10th te or
lesse) so yt ye aire did not fill more yn one 4th 10th te or less
of ye bubbles. whither that aire bee generated by frost (wch
may bee tryed by often frezing ye same water sealed up
hermetically) or whither it lurked in ye water before frezing
(for yt water yeilds ice ye most transparent & f<illeg.> & wth fewest
& least bubbles looked on either wth ye naked eye or Microscope wch has beene freed from aire by ye aire pump
or whither both together is worth inquiry. Many bubbles ascend from
thawing ice to ye top of ye water.     from pag 245 to p 278.

Water expands about one ninth te in freezing & noe more
& yet there were Islands of ice 16, 20 &c fathoms above water & but 36, 40 &c
beneath it. (but they were made up of snow & fragment of ice
conteining much aire betwixt ym & probably rested on ye ground. & _{from p 279 to p 296}

The expansive force of frezing water is so greate as to burst
peuter vessells & iron postell barrells &c And water being herme
tically sealed up wth some aire left in ye stem of ye vessell
ye swelling water crouded ye aire into 19 times lesse roome before
it broke ye glasse. At other trialls wn ye aire was compressed
into yt 9 times lesse roome the glasse being inverted yt ye
unfrozen water & ye aire might change places, & ye tip
of ye stem being broken of <illeg.> so much water rushed out
into another vessell wch measured till ye aire expanded it
selfe into nine times more roome from pag 296 to p 327. & p 587.

Snow & salt will freze through glasse, iron, brasse, space
voyd of aire, or filld wth (ye not freezing liquors) oyle of Turpen
tine, spirit of wine & Brine (though more difficultly through ye last)
& Tunbridg Minerall waters feele cold to ye hand through
ye abdomen.     from pag 345 to pag 363.

ffrost in England seldom peirces ye earth more yn a yard
in Charlton Iland 2 yards & water not so much yet a
pipe of water frezes not so deepe when thrust into ye earth
as when <illeg.> swiming on ye earth: (water has beene frozen to many cubits pag 389) Dubito<Translation><Translation: I doubt it>. pag 329 &c.

A peice of Ice 3< or >2 1/2 inches broade & <illeg.> 1/8< or >1/10 inch thick being
laid on two leavers 3 inches distant was broke by ye weight
of 17 lib: Averdupois & 117< or >48 pounds ounces Troy hanging on its midst
wch argues ice much stronger yn one would thinke so soft
a body. Ice two fingers thick beares a man, 3 fingers a
horsman, 6 fingers a Regiment, 12 vel<Translation><Translation: or> 16 fingers an
army. but all ice is not alike strong, & when it thaws it
grows brittle. Bay sa A corne of bay salt layd upon
ice by dissolving it sinks into it & makes it freze in yt
place to ye board or stoole yt ye ice lys upon the like doe common salt & Saltpeter. Oyle of
Vitriol dropped on ice quickly soakes through it & appeares
in corrosive drops on ye other side. So dos good aqua fortis but
not so powerfully & yet it makes a cracking in ye ice wch Vitrioll
doth not; soe salt throwne upon ice makes a cracking &
besides a steames to ascend like ye smoak of warme meate
The icy islands (wch are 1, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 miles long &c <illeg.> in
some places mixed wth earth, eggs &c& <illeg.> some peices ye ice being of
an azure colour &c) make a very great noyse sometimes like canons
perhaps partly by islands clashing together or peices falling downe or
being burst by rarefyed warme exhalations or by ye swelling power
of extreame cold &c. from pag 364 to 394.

Equall peices of ice were dissolved in oyle of Vitrioll in 5min
spirit of wine in 12min, Aqua fortis in 12 1/2min, Water in 12min
Oyle of Turpentine in 44min, aire in 64min. Again ice of ye same
bignesse was dissolved in Oyle of Vitr: in 3min, Spt wine 13min water 26m
Oyle of Turpent 47m, Sallet oyle 52m, aire 152min. Ice is not so
easily dissolvable as one would imagine In Italy they
prserve it in conically barded pits <illeg.> flat at ye bottom wth a grate for
ye melted water to run through, twixt every cake of
well ice well & hard beaten together they lay a layer
of straw & thatch it, they are usually 25 foot wide at ye top
& 50 in depth     from pag 396 to 412.

Water begins both to freze & thaw next ye aire & land it never
frezes at ye bottom or midst <illeg.> of maine<illeg.> seas though never so
northward yet water apeares extreamely cold to Divers at ye bottom
of ye sea to wch the suns rays scarcly penetrate, & those countrys are coldest (ceteris paribus<Translation><Translation: other things being equal>) wch are
nearest ye seas <illeg.> & shores are colder yn maine land or sea & maine Sea colder yn maine land. &
ye icy islands are generated in straights & neare shoares. The
suns heate scarce penetrates more yn six or seaven foot into ye
earth whence to about 80 or a 100 fathoms reaches a pretty coole region
of earth, & after yt th<illeg.> they feele it perpetually hotter yn in ye
open air & in some places intollerably hot <illeg.> accordingly as
ye earth abounds wth veines of vitriol or other hot mineralls. And this is observed
in all ye Hungarian Mines some of wch are 1800 or 2400 foot
deepe. After about 180 foot ye heate of ye Mine is not sensibly
increased by its greater depth. Out of these mines there ascends a vapor
visible enought above ye mouth of ye pit & sensibly warme though
it hath passed through 100 or 500 feet of ye cold upper region. Perhaps both yt steame
& heate may arise from a dissolution of Vitrioll or other mineralls
in water (Or bee ye ascent of ye gravitating streames in another
forme & impregnated wth minerall vapors) And yet there is found
ye same heate in a salt mine of Poland (50 ladders deepe or more
in ye mountaine) where there is noe vitrioll. These exhalations are
mostly saline fretting noysome & combustible though they much differ
in divers mines for out of a gaping peice of ground in Hungary there
issue such mortall fumes as kill even birds yt fly over it & in
ye North of England is a ditch where fumes ascend yt take fire
at a Candle & burne as long as you please. so <illeg.> at ye open fresh opening
of some close vaults & cellars ascends a very visible dampe vapor (wch will some
times take fire at a Candle) and ye stagnating fumes in many
mines are often soe grosse as to suffocate men & very often in
most (or all) deepe mines they take fire wch will bee hot enough to
scorch a mans skin (unlesse hee nimbly retire or fall flat downe
whilst ye inflamed vapor ascend <illeg.> wth a report at ye top like a
musket. Miners can judge foretell by ye more or lesse copious ascent
of these steames (which they perceive by ye blewness of their
candles) when & how great stormes shall ensue though ye prsent sky bee cleare. And ye fishermen in Conwell
(where the tin mines abound wth most pestilent damps) when
they perceive shining fires in ye night make to shore to
shun ye ensuing storme. And not long since some royall ships
in a Calme neare Ireland were almost wracked by a sudden
tempest wch a Pilot prdicted from a black cloud ascending
out of the water not much unlike & unequall to a Barrell. Cellars are
Much cooler in winter sommer yn ye free aire & somwt
cooler in winter yn in soer though somtimes they may
be a little warmer in winter by reason of subterraneous
vapors pent up by exteriors frosts wch closes the pores of ye earth as some country men
observe yt snow keeps ye ground warmer, thus <illeg.> ye
Lake Vetor (pag 777) when ye weather grows warmer on a
suddeine boyles at ye bottome wth horrible noyses & <illeg.> the
ice cracks & becomes clifted & presently dissolves. And at
‡ <in mg:>See p: 502 & 778 ‡ The Royall City in China Peking the Lakes & Rivers wch
were many days in frezing are thawed in one beginning at
ye bottom of ye ice wch must needs bee effected by ye sudden
ascent of vapors pent up till then wth cold till their copiousnesse &
warme weather caused an eruption. Water newly drawne out
of wells in winter reeks especially if a little agitated, not
because they are it is warmer yn in soer but because ye vapors
like or breaths are not so quickly made invisible being rarifyed
by ye hot summer aire. Thus a steame may bee seene upon
rivers in a summer morning wch disappears at noone. A
solution of Salt peter in water is warmer yn common aire but it may be frozen.
& <illeg.> perhaps saltpeter sea salt & severall other bodys volatile in ye
aire may cause frezing by driving ye frigorifick attomes into
water ( out of ye aire & earth (or evocating some active subtil
matter from ye water). ffrom pag 412 to pag 463 & from pag _{741 to pag 803.}

The thermoscope subsides but very little more in ye Receiver
exhausted then full of aire wch perhaps too may not bee so much
caused by ye coolness of ye vacuum above aire as by ye streaching
of ye Glasse thermoscope freed from externall pression, ffor ye
liquor suddenly ascended at ye intromission of ye aire. Yet aire
conveys heate through it perceptibly better yn a vacuum. Aire
contracted one 22th te by ye cold of a very frosty night &
one 10th te by ye <illeg.> application of ice & salt: (as
much as water swells by freezing). neare the Line there are
high hills on whose tops at noone day men & beasts are benum<bed>
wth cold & yet Greenland (whose Latt is 80gr) is habitably warme
& beares grass wch Nova Zembla <illeg.> (whos Lat is 74gr) by reason of its
great cold doth not. In Russia where ye Summer is warmer yn in
England ye winter is so cold as to freze spittle or water throwne
up before it fall to ye ground. The like of al?u of new England whos lat is 43gr & Charlton Island (whos
Lat is 52gr) nay in ye same day yt Island is intollerably hot in
ye day time & freezes an inch thick in the night. Constant
winds may perhaps have as much influence on ye Temperature
of places as theire Latitude; but yet winds much partake of ye
nature of ye place they <illeg.> move over & ye same wind (pag 511) in
divers countrys may have divers qualitys. Thus aire blowne through
ye refrigerating mixture is colder yn otherwise; & in some parts
of ye Indys there are winds wch fret & rust Iron & make it
friable. ffrom pag 464 to pag 520. & some winds feele hot pag 824.

In one night at Nova Zembla ye salt sea was frozen two inches
thick & the Holanders burnt their clothings before they could feel fire. At Musco ye Market place cracked by frost one foot
wide & many yards long. At Charlton Island a brass vessell pan of
water set so neare ye fire as to be warme on one side
was frozen an inch thick on ye other. Extreame Cold alters
mens voyces, makes ye skins of many animalls white, ye gutts
of men (frozen there to death wth much torment) black. from p: 520, to p: <illeg.> _549.

The weight of water frozen & unfrozen seems to bee
the same pag 550 &c & yet in frosty weather ye Atmosphære
seems to bee heaviest (though it is then clearest & freest from
vapors) pag 483.

The ice of fragrant or stinking liqours Smells much fainter
yn ye liquors pag 579, 581. The Russians in winter usually goe naked
out of their stoves (if ready to faint wth heate) & cast themselvs
into snow or cold water. p 583. A large concave discovers not
ye Moones beames to bee either hot or cold though trajected
on a Thermoscope. p 584.

Nitre dissolved in thrice as much water cools it sensibly
during ye solution (yet nothing neare to congelation) but after ye
Nitre is dissolved ye water grows warme againe. p: 594 & see
pag 458. Cold water sooner freezeth yn hot <illeg.> & as soone as
cold water yt once was hot. p 615, 621. The pure & cold wind in
Iceland (wth ye Sun) <illeg.> hardens & preservs fresh flesh & fish better then
if it were salted p. 627. ffishes (Gudgeons) though <illeg.> quite frozen
up as to become rigid yet recovered, & perhaps if they dy in
Ponds frozen up ye cause may bee subterraneous vapors or a
stifling sudor from themselves pag 635 &c. Cold retards
fermentation making beere tast new & preserving wine in
ye must a long time; nay wine <illeg.> if before fermentation begin
it bee put under water in a Coole well for 6 or 8 weeks is
so satled in its constitution of Must that it continues so wthout
fermenting for many Months after p 649.

A solution of Minium or quick lime in water will coagulate a
just proportion of good (expressed) Sallet Oyle wch by to an Vnguent
wch by a Thermoscope appeares noe colder yn ye liquors before
coagulation p. 688. The liquid ts of frozen apples by swelling bruize
their sollid ts now an apple <illeg.> quickly corrupts where tis bruized p:663.
the ice of severall liquors is variously branched wth pretty figures
& severall fumes diversly ascending (according to more or lesse
heate) depaints various figures of trees &c though ye fumes bee
minerall, but to make ye shape of a tree by freezing <illeg.> water
tinged wth ye juice or ashes of yt tree is improbible or accidentall
pag 675 &c. The pores & texture in severall vegetable & animall
substances (as carrots greene wood neves ye braine eyes &
muscles livers tongues &c) may perhaps bee best discovered by
frezing ye juice in ye pores & yn cutting it squezing it out &c )
pag 657. A glasse egg filled <illeg.> almost wth water & sealed Her
metically, & frozen at ye bottom to try if ye unfrozen water
was capable of compression, when ye apex of ye stem was broken
of ye compressed aire flew out wth greate noise & ye stem
where ye water reached not was filled wth white smoke & froth many
bubbles also rising from ye bottom of ye water (as when
bottle beere is opened) & ye water it selfe rose 3/4 inch <illeg.> more
yn ye lurking aire could expand it selfe, but it is dubious
whither to ascribe yt expasion to ye water or ice or ye glasses
contraction pag 691.

If a man drinke in summer (when hot) it prsently maks him sweat.

Quick lime quenched in cold water maks it hot, in hot water
maks it hotter, in water just done boyling makes it boyle againe
vehemently. It grows much hotter if quenched in spirit of salt yn
in water but in oyle of Turpentine or spirit of Wine &c it
produces scarce any heate at all, though for many howers immersed
because it was not dissolved by those liquors.

Towards ye end of Ianuary <illeg.> in frosty weather fell a verygreate haile storme
(though they fall most in summer) in wch storme a maid was
misled by an Ignis fatuus<Translation><Translation: will-o'-the-wisp>. In those ts of Egypt where it
raignes plentifully (as about Alexandria & Pelusium &c but not
at Grand=Cairo), it never snows nor hailes & so in hotter
Countrys. Haile has often snow in the midst. p 737. 739.

Water freezes almost as soone in Boyles exhausted receiver as in ye
open aire, but ye ice in ye Receiver appeared whiter & fuller of bubbles
A solution of Alume frezes sooner yn water & to a milk white & very firme
ice Solutions of Vitriolls freeze sooner yn yt of Allum & almost to as
white & firme an ice pag 4 of Dr Merret. Most Stinking & sweet liquors
frozen when thawed againe their scent is almost lost p. 6. And frost
often makes ye salt, spirits & colours of divers liquours recede from ye
ice to the unfrozen liquor p. 6, 9, 12, 13, 29, 48.

Perhaps severall salts where they abound in water or aire &c most
coole those by heating those mediums cool<illeg.>e ye vicine regions (as may
appeare by ye solution of snow & salt) & tis worth trying whither
saltpeeter or common salt &c dissolved & agited much in water to
dissolve doth not expand ye water by heate though it seme cold
to ye touch & Thermoscope. ffor such solutions are very difficult to
bee frozen & perhaps would hasten ye freezing of other liquors though themselves freze not. Sal Gem is most difficult of all salts to bee frozen p 8

Oyle of Vitriol frezes neare as soone as water whose ice (or
coagulum) shrinks in freezing has a strong vitriolate tast & is paler yn the unfrozen oyle
& much longer in thawing then any other ice. This frozen &
unfrozen oyle mixed together well in glass violl heated it so hot
yn none can endure to touch it p 8.

Some Liquors are not impaired by frost p: 11 & 48

ffreezing may bee of great use (in cold countrys) for seperating salt or
spirits from ye flegmatick water, a stinking bottle filled wth water &
frozen becoms sweete.

Some Ice has bubbles like haile shot wth sharpe tailes f<illeg.> point
ing towawards <sic> ye outside of ye ice p 21.

Snow balls moistened wth wth <sic> water & yn strongly crouded toge=
ther & frozen will somtimes sinke in water. <illeg.> p 34. Newcastle
cole preserves from freezing better yn sand or ordinary earth.

Speculums of ice like burning glasses produce noe (sensible) heat
in their focus, but water frozen in sphæricall glasses would heat
a little p 38. Distilld Snow leaves a foule earth behind it. p 40
White of Eggs or water beaten to a froth & frozen looks like snow.

The Duke of Tuscany distilld spirit from wine by <sic> wthout fire
by putting snow on ye Alembick. & ye Duke of Mantua had a
pouder wch in summer congealed water quickly into ice p 44

Apples &c frozen & immersed deep< or >shallow in water will not< or >will bee
cased wth ice. p: 50. If water bee often spread thinly over ice it makes
ice of a far greater thicknesse yn otherwise it would bee. p: 51.

Aqua fortis wthout any sensible heate will make Camphire
cast on it assume ye forme of a liquor distinct from it, & a
strong fire will but melt Camphire. & there is a liquor into wch
certaine bodys being put (though both it selfe & they are
actually cold) will speedily dissipate many of their parts into
smoke & leave ye rest black & burnt almost like a Coale
pag 55 of Mr Boyles Origin of formes. Two peices of
Resinous wood rubbed hard & long one against another will
visibly smoke & turne their superficiall parts into a kind of
Coale. pag 77

A pound (or lesse) of Sal Armoniack put into 3
or 4 times as much water will produce a considerable
degree of cold both to ye sence & Thermoscope condens
ing vapors into dew on <y>e out side of ye vessell & somtim<es>
(if the weather bee not too hot) producing ice. If you would
have an intense (but short) degree of cold, pouder ye salt
finely, put it in all tog<illeg.>ether & stir it well to hasten
the dissolution. But if you would have the cold rather
lasting then intense: put ye salt in grosly beaten at
3 or 4 severall times, & stir it but a little, &
to make ye cold both longer & more intense you
must use ye more salt & water. And this may
serve to coole drinks, ye hands of Patients, or ye aire to
adjust weather glasses. &c.       March 27 A Thermoscop
(whose ball was big as a walnut its shank 16inches long
& 1/8 or 1/9inch diameter) stood at 8 5/8inches in ye aire, & at
7 5/8 in water but when ye mixt Salt was put in
it begun in 1/8 of an howr to freeze ye vapors wthout
ye vessell. & in 1/4ho the thermoscope descended to 2 11/16inch
& water thinly placed wthout would (while ye mixture
was nimbly stirred) freez in 1/4min by a minute watch.
after 3/4 hower ye Thermoscope <illeg.> stood at 3 3/4inch. afer
2 1/2ho at 5 1/8; after 3ho at 5 1/2inch, ye mark at
wch water begins to freeze in winter; The hardest
frost making ye liquor descend but to 4 3/4inch.

In Christmas Ian 28, 29, & 30, 1669
It being extreame cold weather I tooke
a violl bottle & filling it wth water
up to ye mouth I put a glasse pipe into
it AE soe yt ye bottom of it E
might reach almost to ye midst of
ye glasse or about a third part into
it, & I sealed it close wth wax soe yt
noe aire or water could get in twixt ye
pipe & bottle. Then I set it up almost to ye mouth in snow & salt
well mixed & stirred together & often supplyd
afresh to make ye freezing ye smarter. & when
ye bottom was frozen above haff way up
I applyed snow & salt higher & higher till
I froze it up to ye mouth; in ye meane while
putting downe a wier <illeg.> downe ye pipe &
often stirring it to keepe ye passaage open for
ye water to ascend freely as it was swelled by
freezing, wch it did to a considerable height,
in ye pipe Then I set ye glasse in warme wa-
ter that to halfe its height to thaw ye ice at
ye bottom first that there might bee noe violence
done to ye pipe wax at ye mouth D or entrance
of any to let in any aire there. And I observed
1st yt ye ice thawed fastest by much towards ye superficies
of ye water though in all probabily the water
was couldest there being <illeg.> contiguous to ye cold
aire. <illeg.> 2dly That the bubles wth which ye
ice was full (& thereforelooking white) that those bubles I
say continually ascended to ye top of ye unfroz
thawed water & contined in ye forme of perma-
nent aire. When ye ice was thawed up to ye
bottom of ye pipe & a little higher yt ye said
aire might rest above ye mouth of ye pipe
I put a wire downe ye pipe to thrust ye ice
out of ye pipe into the bottle yt ye thawed wa-
ter might move freely in ye pipe, & I obser
ved yt ye water sunk suddenly a pretty way
in the pipe & afterwards it sunk gradually
as ye remaining ice thawed. But it not halfe
soe much as it ascended in freezing & there re
mained a considerable a The ice being all thawed
there remained a considerable quantity of aire
in ye top of the violl wch kept ye water at
extruded ye water to a pretty height in the pipe
Suppose D ye height of ye water in the pipe
before it was frozen B its height when frozen
C its heigh when thawed againe, FGD ye aire
made by freezing. I froze ye same water again
after I had let it stand some howers to observe whi
ther there would bee any change made in the new
produced aire, & all ye same effects suceeded
againe & about as much <illeg.> aire was <illeg.> produced
more so that now there was twice as much aire as
before & I doubt not but by repeating ye
freezing <illeg.> the aire three or foure times more there might bee aire enough
produced to reach down to ye bottom of the pipe

Not having measured the quantitys of aire &
water before free in these two tryalls (for I made
them only to satisfy my selfe whither those bubbles
made in Ice were true aire or noe) I repeated ye
experiment wth <illeg.> other water, <illeg.>
first I weighed ye water yt filled ye bottle &
found it foure ounces, 1/64 te; Then freezing it
it ascended from D to B 13 2/3 inches, then thawing it
it descended from B to C 4 1/2 inches, where it
stayed descending only a little for an hower or
two till ye water had recovered it selfe from ye
effects of the cold. By weight I found the
cavity CD to conteine 1/4 ounce & BD 3/8ounce of
water, Soe yt of ye 3 3/5 ounces of water wch was
frozen (for about one tenth t thereof was in the
pipe was not frozen) tooke up about a tenth part
of space more wn frozen then before, then it
lost about a 30th t of yt space by its con
traction in thawing & ye aire wch it yeilded
tooke up ye remaining 15th t. But these
proportions I conceive may vary 1st according ye vario<us>
degrees of freezing for a violent freezing by snow
& salt makes a white ice fuller I beleive of aire
then otherwise. 2dly By ye nature of ye water. 3dly
by ye temper of ye weather wch according to
its more or lesse coldnesse may variously condense
ye aire in the glasse after the water is thawed.

I further observed yt in ye action of frezing
severall bubbles ascended from ye increasing ice to
the top of the glasse & there stayed in the forme of
aire

A Bolt head filld wth spirit of wine up to
half its stem & set in water ready to freeze shrunk
not after ward then in ye freezing of the water, though
it was frozen round about, nor did it rise in ye chang
of weather till ye ice was thawed. Being set in snow
it shrunk a little, perhaps by reason yt yr was made
a little dissolution of the snow; & being set in snow
& salt it shrunk very much below ye mark it
stood at when frozen ap<illeg.> wth round in water.

A furnace of sand grows hotter at top for some
considerable time together, after (it may bee a 1/4ter of an
hower) after ye fire is taken of out or decays, then
when it was hottest: & if ye fire bee put in againe
it grows colder at the top againe

There are liquors wch will grow hot by the bare
mixing of cold water, & a mentruum into wch nothing
but flesh being put without ebullition cause an in
tens heat. Boyles Philos. part 2. p 44.

Hot water (though not boyling hot) put into ye Receiver, wn
the aire was exhausted, it seemed to boyle afresh & very
vehemently Mr Boyles Experiments, Exper 43. And spirit of
vinegar wn it corroded Corrall in ye exhausted Reciver
boyled vehemently, though it did not so in ye aire, & yet
for all its boyling ye liquor was not sensibly warme

Spirit of wine in ye exhausted Receiver (after it had
emitted a very great number of aeriall bubbles, for spirits
are most apt <illeg.> to have aire intersperced) seemed to bee
considerably extended expanded beyond it former dimensions
& ye aire being let in it yet retained its expansion or
lost but very little of it in a nights time. Exper 24

Silver &c by Hammering attaines a Springinesse pag 169 of fform _Boyle
& by fire becomes flexible againe

The sealed Thermometer or another wholy like it but made wth oyle wth ye heat of my
body (to wch I equal yt of a bird hatching her
eggs) stands at ye degree of 17 3/4. March 10 1692/3
When water begins to freez it stands at ye de-
gree      When water begins to boyle, at
ye degree      When water boyles vehemently
at ye degree      When water is as hot
as ye hand can endure to stay long in
at ye degree 26. When tin begins to melt
at ye degree      When wax begins to
melt at ye degree.      When molten
tin sets, at ye degree      When molten
lead sets, at ye degree      When molten
wax sets, at ye degree     

By dipping a bolthead <illeg.> wth ye a short neck
into hot water & holding it wth its neck under
water for 6 or 8 minutes till ye glass be as hot
as ye water; then stopping ye glass wth my fin-
ger, inverting it into a vessel of cold water, tak-
ing away my finger letting it stand for an hour
to cool; putting my hand into the cold water &
stopping it again wth my finger when ye
water within & wthout ye glass, taking it out &
weighing the water drawn up into the glass &
the water wch will fill ye glass & making
allowance for ye ascent or descent of ye
Barometer I found how much ye air
was rarefied by ye heat of the ye water: &
by a barometer of oyle Lintseed oyle I
found also that how much the oyle was
rarefied by the same heat. The experimt
I made twice & found ye first time yt ye
rarefaction of air was to ye rarefaction of
water in equal heats as 10 1/9 to one, the second time as
9 14/15 to one. Tis therefore in round num
bers as 10 to 1. By another way of reccon
ing I found that ye rarefaction of this oyle
was to ye rarefaction of spirit of wine
in equal heats as 15 to 1 or thereabouts for I did not
mesure this proportion accurately. So then ye
rarefaction of air was to yt of in equal
heats as 150 to one.

The space wch Lintseed oyle took up wth
such a heat as I could give to a little bolthead
wth my body was to ye space wch it took
up in such a degree of coldness as made water
begin to freez, as 41 to 40. And therefore
the spaces wch Air took up in the same
degrees of heat & cold were as 50 to 40 or
5 to 4.

The flame of spirit of wine is hotter yn one would imagine,
being able to distill liquors & melt crude Gold. post (after) Exper 41.

Drebble made a vessell for King Iames saile under water wth 12 Rowers
besides other passengers, & to continue ye included aire fit for
Respiration hee often unstopped a bottle of a certaine liquor whose
spirits flying about into ye aire made it againe fit for
respiration untill those spirits were spent upon ye lungs &
heart. Digression after ye 41 Experiment

A Bitch big wth whelps dissected. & One of ye puppys
taken out into ye free aire began prsently to open its mouth
wide, move its tongue & exercise respiration & being opened
hee continued an endeavor to respire moving his Diaphragme
& intercostall mustles notably & his heart continued beating
4 or six howers. But ye other puppys wch had not
being taken out before they & opened before they could
have time to breath shewed noe perceptible motion of their
heart, (whereas had they beene kept much longer in the
secundines after ye opening of ye bitch, they might have livd
& <illeg.> at their being taken out of ye liquor into aire
<illeg.> might have began to breath & livd. Digres: to Exper 41.

<illeg.> ffire Coles, & flame goe out much quicklier in ye
receiver emptied then full of aire. soe Animalls dy
speedily upon ye exsuction of ye aire, though indeed small
insects recover againe after ye aire is let in though they
have long beene kept in ye Receiver exhausted of aire
Exper 40, 41 & Digress to Exper 41.

It may bee worth trying how long peices of ye same heart
continue beating in ye free aire, in ye Receiver & in water.

A man having drawne in his breath & detained it as
long as he can: if hee then expire it, it refresheth< or >easeth him not
unless hee immediatly draw in fresh aire. But if a man expire his
breath & continue as long as hee can wthout it & then draw
in fresh aire that refreshes him & hee may continue as long
before hee expire yt aire as hee did before hee drew it in.
& a man may continue wth his lungs full of breath longer
then hee can wth out the them empt<illeg.>y

Observing that a match of brimstone being melted soe
as not to burne, yt it might send forth its exhalation if
it were held in a place but moderately hot soe yt ye
match it selfe did not fire yet the exhalations issuing
from tooke fire & made a faint blew & large flame
not so hot but yt one might endure one finger in it for
some <illeg.> time. Hence I conclude yt flame is nothing
but exhalations set one fire & yt yt a burning coale
& a burning flame <illeg.> differ onely in rarity & density.
a cole being a & that flame & vapor flame being nothing but a company of very
little burning coales dispersed about in ye aire. And yt
flame & vapour differ onely as bodys red hot & not red
hot or cold. fflame seemes to bee <illeg.> nothing but ye particles of vapor
made so hot as to shine

And this seems to bee confirmed in that ye flame burnt
at a distance from ye match & kindled first at ye top of all
when ye fume was thinnest, ye like may be some times
observed of a candle when its going out yt ye flame
riseth from ye weeke. That ye fumes of a candle
are more crasse & stinking when ye flame is out then
when <illeg.> its in: wch difference must arise from ye
beeing burnt in ye flame. 3 that a candle newly out
will catch fire at a distance from annother candle
by meanes of its fume, & especially if the candle
bee held over it, for so you shall see flame
manifestly descend by ye fume. That spiritous
fumes as of strong beere wine strong water &c
will take fire at a candle. That bodys wch fume
not flame not, & as metalls which yet if they can bee made soe
<illeg.> opend as to fume they will flame: as may bee
seene in metalline filings wch (by reason of their grat propor
tion of superficies to their bulk) emit fumes more plen
tifully then greater bulks of metall. That any fume
eaven that of water may by heat <illeg.> bee made
a flame. It <illeg.> might bee tryed whither <illeg.> vapor of water
driven through a pretty long red hot pipe will not come out a
flame. In a word that degree of heat wch can make
a gross body luminous must needs make ye parts of yt
body when raised into fume become luminous, for ye
smaller bodys are, ye more they are capable of the im-
presse of heat as may bee seen in making gunpouder &c
Hence it appeares why flame in ye exhausted receiver descends
not. That were fumes permanent as ye bo grosse shing bodys
(suppose coales) are ye flame would need noe supply: Vnlesse per
haps to conserve ye heat wch I guesse is made by division of
parts: for when two particles are parted it makes ye Æther rush
in betwixt ym & so vibrate: just a drop of <illeg.> (if lively & cleare)
when tis gently parted into two ye parts will leap assunder
<illeg.> & that to a good distance if ye drop bee very small & laid
upon an eaven smooth plane.

Take of Vrin one Barrel. Let it fer-
ment in ye sommer for thre months. Then
evaporate it to a dry masse. Take of
this masse eight ounces, Of sand or
Bole Armenic two pounds. Put them
mixed together into a fflanders Retort
& place it in a reverberatory fire.
Lute to it a Receiver full of water,
& give a very strong fire & ye
Phosphorus will come over.

Note ye Retort must be good & close
which you will know if you put it
into water & blow into it.

The fire must be exceeding strong

When the desillation is done put
ye receiver into a sand heate & ye
Phosphorus will melt together.

Quicksilver may bee turned to a red pouder Vermilion being ye fumes of & sulphur or a <illeg.> fusible &
malleable body by ye fumes of lead or a fugitive smoak & yet remaine recoverable
Quicksilver    pag 72 of fformes Mr Boyle.

Camphire put into spirit of wine will dissolve in it
wthout making it looke lesse cleare yn faire water. But if
you poure in a competent quantity of faire water ye
Camphire will emerge & become white as <illeg.> before. pag 73 _{of fformes}

Leade kept long in a hot fire is turned into a glasse brittle
reddish & a little Transparent <illeg.> pag 173 of formes.

A very sleight blending together of ye Nitre charcoale &
Brimstone <illeg.> produce Gunpowder a body of more stupendious
operations yn ever Nature made & Glass is as usefull dura-
ble & close as any thing of Natures making.

Corrall yt growing in ye bottom of ye sea is a succulent,
soft & tender plant & propagats its species yet soe soone as it
comes into ye open aire it changes to a Lapideous forme
& may bee corroded wth good vinegar <illeg.> or by its Spirit like many Lapis stellaris
& many minerall stones. Soe in ye Island Hainan (wch
belongs to China <)> There are Crabbs or Crawfishes wch drawn
out of ye water in a moment loose both life & motion
& become petrifyd wthout any apparent change of theire
shape. And in Sombrero not far from Sumatra in ye East
Indys there grow (neare the shore) twiggs wch have a greate
worme for theire roote & ye worme grows lesse as ye
tree grows greater untill ye tree take roote in ye ground
when ye tree worme is spent. If you pluck it upwards
will shrinke downewards & sinks into ye earth unlesse you
hold very hard but being plucked up by that time ye
leaves & Pill being being stripped of it turned to a stone
much like white corrall. Soe at Brasill there is an
ordinary sorte of Animalls (like Grashoppers) transmuted
into vegetables pag 245 &c 246, 247, 248 of fformes.

Common Amber by Distillation <illeg.> (wth much difficulty) yeilded neare 1/2 its
weight in partly Oyle partly spirit & flegme & partly volatile
salt, the remaining matter being a cole black cake more
exquisitly polished above yn any speculum. Which cake being broken &
againe put to what was distilld from it & closely luted up
& set in warme sand in a small time returned to a mass like
Turpentine, when ye Glasse broke. At another <illeg.> triall ye masse
was turned to a <illeg.> deepe blood Red when ye Glass againe broke.

Allome in ye same manner (but wth more difficulty <)> beeing
distilled & ye fflegme & spirit wch came over being powered
back upon ye Caput Mortuum generated more & more Christall
line graines of Allome till ye Glass was broke. Soe ye flegme
Spirits & Oyle distilld from Vitrioll being againe put to their
caput Mortuum & set in ye cold aire did by degrees generate new graines of Vitrioll
wch in time came to broade cakes, the chang in ye substance
(& colour too into a fine blew) still increasing <illeg.> till ye glas
broke. pag 261 of fformes &c. This had other Phænomena.

Poudered Antimony wth a greater weight of Oyle of
Vitrioll by halfe being for divers weeks digested together &
then distilld there came over (besides a little water) a greate
quantity of Combustible Antimoniall, or Antimonio=Vitriolate
Sulphur, & ye remaining caput Mortuum (wch was friable
white at ye top <illeg.> like wood ashes & ye rest looked like a
Cinder) being put againe coitted to ye naked fire in
a <illeg.> small glasse retort wth a Receiver for many howers
there came nothing over but a very little Sublimed Sulphur,
& ye Caput mortuum was found covered over wth a
thin cake of colourles glasse transparent as common white glasse, wch
being broken, that underneath was perfect black
Antimony adorned wth long Shining streakes like
common Antimony. The purenesse of this redintigrated Antimony
seemed to proceede from ye recesse of so much Sulphur
wch is not at all necessary to ye constitution of Antimony
though perhaps too ye vitrum a top might proceede from
ye avolation of two much Antimony from ye superfic=
ciall parts. pag 265

But redintegration of Bodys succeded best f<illeg.> in Turpentine
for a very cleare liquor being distilld from it <illeg.> was againe
put to ye caput Mortuum (wch was very dry brittle Transpa=
rent sleeke & red but purely yellow when poudered)
it was immediatly dissolved part of it into a deepe red
Balsome. And by further disgestion in a large well
stopt Glasse became perfect Turpentine againe both
as all men judgd by ye smell & Taste. pag 268 of for<ms>

Camphire dissolved in well deflegmed spirit of niter will
make a colourlesse solution. But if it bee cast into good Oyle
of Vitriol & shaken into it as it dissolves, ye liquor will bee
first yellow & yn of a deepe reddish colour. & (if yor materialls
bee good & their proportion right wch is hard to be hit on) will
not have ye least scent of ye Camphire but upon powring in
a due quantity of water ye quantity Camphire will in a trice emerge into a white
& strong scented froth or pouder at ye top And note as at ye first. And note yt
ye Camphire was detained from emerging in a liquor much heavier
yn it selfe (as dissolved Gold is kept from sinking in a liquor lighter
yn it selfe) <illeg.> & yet emerged when ye liquor was made lighter
by a mixture of water; That a Colourles liquor turnd its whitnesse
to a deepe red & another colourlesse liquor redeemed its whitnesse
againe; & yt a liquor not odorous should deprive it of its scent
(chaining its parts from being valatile) & another inodorus liquor
should restore it. If into ye said red mixture bee put spirit of
wine the colour will bee a turbid red (though either of ye ingredients
make a severally mixed wth spirit of wine make a cleare mixture)
& if you then power water into it ye mixture will bee white
because of ye parts of Camphire associated into little masses
wch by degres ascend into a white pouder leaving ye rest cleare
If ye Red mixture bee distilled, what comes over has a scent
very divers both from Camphire & ye mixture & ye caput
mortuum (wch was ye greatest part of ye <illeg.> mixture) was black
as jet, though neither distilld liquors by redistillation nor
camphire in a retort (wch notwithstanding ye fire continues white) affords that colour <illeg.>. And though Oyle of Vitrioll
bee a distilld liquor & Camphire very fugitive yet when mixt
they endured a good fire before ye caput Mortuum could bee
reduced to ye sd pitchy substance & afterward it endured a
greate heate in a crucible for 1/2 an hower wthout much dimi=
nution. pag 271 of ye Origin of fformes.

Raine water whilst distilling appeares full of
motes & (when all distild) it leaves the bottom all covered
over wth a pretty white sustance wch is Earth in all proof
more then twice heavier then water & almost as heavy as pure (wood ashes. (ye weight of Glasse, wood ashes
<illeg.> this pouder being & water being as 2 1/2. 2 1/6 +. 2 1/6 -
1) absolutly fixed & immutable in the greatest fires. undissolvible in water
of exceeding small granulæ, (for wth _fine sand mixed wth it appea
red like pebble stones in ye finest flower wth ye best
Microscopes) on wch good oyle of Vitriol & also strong & <illeg.> well
deflegmed oyle of spirit of Salt will work wth bubles & hissing
(& that without the assistance of heat) as they will doe on
Lapis Stellaris Ossifragus & the earthy part of wood ashes & other soft stones washt in boyling water. insipid & a
little gritty betweene the teeth, dry white & in ye Microscope
absolutely opake.          One by distillation of an ounce of well clari=
fid raine water neare 200 times in cleane glasses
got 3/4 of an ounce of this pouder there remaining
1/8ounce of fluid <illeg.> water & this wthout any sensible injury
to his glasse: Though it would seeme as strang that
so insipid & mild a menstruum as raine water should
wth so gentle a heate dissolve ye almost indestructible body of Glasse into
it primitive sand & ashes (wch Aqua fortis & Regis will
not injure.). The latter operations afforded as much
if not more pouder yn the first. A great te
of this earth remained undissolved in Oyle of Vitrioll
though ye oyle was not glutted as appeared by
its working upon fresh pouder thrown in. Runing
mercury will by a circulatory distillation bee wth
a proportionable heat be transmuted to a pouder
more fixt yn ye running Mercury. And Boyle knows
two other liquors Oyle of Vitriol & Spirit of wine in the following experimnt yt digested together afford good store
Substance insipid very fixd & indissoluble in water.
And highly rectifyed Spirit of wine yt will burne
all away may wthout additaments. (& other <illeg.> ways
too) bee turned a good part of it into flegme. If
Helmont <illeg.> rightly affirm yt water is ye principle
of all things becaus at last all things may (by suc
cessive operations) bee reduced to it ); wee may upon
ye same reason conclude earth ye generall principle
Stony particles lying in water make them ram them
selves into ye pores of bodys thrown in & make ym
appeare turned into stone. Boyle of Forms Exper 9. pag 388

Put an equall weight of good Oyle of Vitrioll &
Spirit of wine in a bolt head of glass egg wth a long neck
carfully stopt to digest in a Moderat heate for 3 or
2 weeks or lesse, & in a tall Glass cucurbit draw of
ye spirit wth a graduall heate wch will bee exceeding
fragrant pleasant & subtile & differing in scent from all things else & may bee of excellent
use in Physick for the vertues of Volatile Sulphur of Vitrioll are wonderfull. When ye liquor wch comes over begins
to bee soure change ye receiver & increase ye fire
& wt coms over will stink like brimstone enough to
take away ones breath. And besides there is in these
operations produced a liquor very subtile pleasant & Aroma
ticall yt will not mix wth ye said fragrant & fætid
spirit & is also as differing from ye spirit of wine
& oyle of Vitrioll. Still urge ye remaines wth more
heate (enough & no more then will make <illeg.> fætid liquor
ascend (least ye Caput Mortuum rise & run over) <illeg.>
& there will at last remaine a Caput mortuum
consistent like pitch (Or if you have urged it far enough
brittle) black, not mingling wth water, very fixed, in
combustible & almost tastlesse; Though ye ingredients bee
cleare, will mix wth water & are volatile (especially
ye spirit of wine) & The oyle spirit most inflammable & ye oyle
most corrosive of any liquor. This will succeede wth
oyle of Sulphur per Campanam & spirit of wine
though not so well, & wth Oyle of Vitrioll &
Spanish wine.

Salts if they bee often dissolved in water & dryed
againe turne to a limus or calx & that the more by
how much the better they are dryed. The calx remaining
like a sediment in the water wherin the salt is
dissolved. And if salt of Tarter bee exposed
to ye sun on a plate of glasse for some time as
1/4ter of a year together it will turne to a
pellucid stony substance indissoluble in water

Salts & Sulphurs are seminum tori, disguises in wch
ye crasis of ye concretes are masked, wch are successively
transmutable into one another. So ye juice of Grapes (if
decocted) the aqueous parts exhaling ye residue becomes
a Rob [or thick extract] wch is gummous & viscous; this by
fermentation is made volatile & become a spiritual or
burning spirit, wch by ye rectified Spirit of Vrin is wholly
turned into a volatile salt [viz: Offa alba.] Thus a terrestreity or gum-
mous viscosity is turned into a volatil spt wholly inflammable
& this into a real pure <illeg.> salt not inflammable: & so on ye
contrary salt is turned into in ye distillation of Tar
tar wch being wholly saline & dissolvable in water, by
bare distillation is turned ye major part of it into an
oyle impermiscible wth water. G. Starkey's Pyrotechny
asserted. pag. 116.

In Peru neare unto Guancavelica there is
a water wch they take & put into molds of
what form & bignes they please & expose
it to ye Sun for a few days, whereby it is
made perfect stone & they build their houses
wth it: all cattel that drink of it dy. In a
mountain called Pacocava a league from ye
mines of Verenguela de Pajages, there are springs of
this liquor (ye colour wherof is whitish inclining to
yellow) yt as it runs along condenses into very
hard & weighty stone of different shapes. Moreover
any kind of porous substance yt can suck this kind
of liquor into it is apt to be turned into stone.
Chap 12 of ye Art of metals translated out of Spanish
by ye Earle of Sandwich.

Stones calcined to Lime (whence an Alcalizate Sat <sic> is produced), or
vitrifyed, ashes & Metalline flowers of divers kinds & flowers
of Sulphur sublimed, & severall other strangely compound
masses are found about burning mountaines. perhaps Mineralls
in ye Earth may bee generated & destroyed in ye same
manner by subterraneall heats. Boyle of fformes pag 208

The fumes of Sulphur & Mercury unite into ye lovly
red masse calld Vermilion, wch is so like ye Minerall
Cinnabaris yt ye Latins calld both by that name & proba=
bly yt Minerall may bee nothing but a stony concretion
penertrated by such fumes. ffor tis usuall to get mercury
out of it. & Mr Boyle having obtained good Store of
running Mercury out of it, out of ye Caput mortuum got
a considerable quantity of good combustible Sulphur pag 209.

The mixture & union of ye particles of Sand wth ye saline
parts of ashes by fire make one of ye clearest closest &
hardest bodys in nature viz glasse    of forms pag 183.

If ffilings of steele being dissolved in (ye acid & saline) Oyle of
Vitriol or in Spirit of Salt & ye solution bee diluted wth
raine or common water yt it may be filtrated & if after
it is filtrated ye aqueous parts bee evaporated & ye remaining
liquor set in a Cellar (or other Coole place) to Christallize
ye Christall will bee a factitious Vitrioll of Iron having
most or all ye propertys of Naturall Vitrioll extracted out
of Vitrioll stones or Marchasites by being immersed in raine
water wch solution being filtrated & ye water evaporated &
ye rest set to christallize will afford you naturall Vitrioll.
Both these Vitriolls have a greene Transparency, brittlenesse solublenes in water, easinesse of
fusion, stipicall Tast, reducibleness to a red pouder by calci
nation, emitous <sic>, a power to turne solution of Galls black
& ye having their christalls finely figured as salts. &c. But
factious Vitriolls are more apt to resolve by ye moisture of ye aire
yn naturall ones, but some naturall Vitriolls have beene fusible enough
by the moist aire. Soe yt Vitrioll seemes to bee not a true salt but a Magistery (i.e.
a præparation whereing ye bodys principles are not seperated (as in
distillation incineration &c) but only changed by having ye parts of
another body (as of salts) <illeg.> united pr minima to its ts) in wch ye me=
talline & Saline particles are after a peculiar manner associated
and by <illeg.> juxtaposition of ts united together. so as to compose
particles of a new texture & consequently a body of new virtues
& indeede ye Saline ingredient or much ye greatest te may of it may by
distillation (& reduction) bee seperated leaving ye Metalline behind.
& soe there may bee other sorts of Vitrioll made of other
metalls by having their saline particles united wth saline ones
as a blew vitrioll may bee made of Copper answering to yt
of nature if you dissolve filings of Copper in Aquafortis &< or >or
spirit of Nitre, &c: but ye solution will bee so unctuous as
yt it will bee very hard to bring any part of it to
drinesse. Oyle of Vitrioll or spirit of Salt (though they corrode dissolve
copper), so aqua fortis & spirit of Nitre (though they corrode
Mars) are not good Menstruums to dissolve & make Vitriolls ye first of
Copper ye last of Mars. There is a white Vitrioll of
wch tis not certaine wt mettall it holds, though it holds
some copper. The sun beames concentred turne Vitrioll from Greene
to white making it loose its Transparency, & then by a good
Glasse they turne it to a deepe Red. Pag 212 &c Boyle of fformes.

Aqua fortis & or spirit of salt Nitre making a dissolution
of Quicksilver or of Silver or of leade would afford
Christalls (each of divers pretty figures ) & qualitys) wch may
bee esteemed to bee vitriolls of those Mettalls (though noe
such <illeg.> Magisterys are yet found in Nature). The christall
of leade is pretty curious & much thicker yn yt of Silver & more like ye
christalls of Common Vitrioll. pag 240. of fformes. Soe Gold
dissolved in Aqua Regis after ye superfluous moisture was
evaporated, in a Coole place would Christallize, nay though
ye body of Gold was subdivided by another menstruum so
powerfull as to make it sublimable the volatile parts of
Gold wth ye salts wherewth they were elevated afforded (som=
times) store of prettily regular (though not equall) Christalls.
Bole <sic> of fformes pag

The figures of christallizing salts depend much upon ye
hasty & leisulrly shooting of christalls & ye scanter or
fuller proportion of they have to shoote in & are var<illeg.>ied by them. for ye va<illeg.>riation
of such circumstances may vary ye manner of the coalition of the particles
& consequently ye figures of the <illeg.> Christall. And this
appeares in ye making of Vitrioll in greate & little quan=
titys. Thus Alkalys (as salt of Tartar, Pot=ashes &c) are
wont to bee obtained in the formes of white pouder or
Calces (because of ye way whereby ye water or Lixivium
that containes them is wont to bee drawne of): But well
purifyd Alkalys dissolved in cleare water & evaporated till ye
top was covered wth a thin (Icelike) crust & then kept in
a very gentle heate for a good while wthout breaking
that skin (least, as in ye ordinary way where ye water is all forced of, the <illeg.> particles should
want a good sufficient quantity of liquor to play up &
<illeg.> downe in till they could hit upon congruous coalitions)
When ye ice<illeg.>=like cake was broken there was divers
figured lumps of Christall transparent almost like white
sugar Candy. Soe Oyle of Vitrioll distilld wth a <illeg.>
solution of Sea salt exhibits various figures (all<illeg.> &
yet all of them curiously figured) according to ye various
proportion or strength of ye liquors distilld &c. So Silver
dissolved in Aqua fortis or spirit of Nitre, sometimes has
shot leisurly into pretty lunar Christalls though it usually
shoots into thin plates like muscovy glasse. pag 224 <illeg.> _{of fformes}

A solution of divers salts together will Christallize wth figures
very divers from ye christalls of any of those salts severally.
Thus ye Venetian Borax (wch is compounded by art of
severall Salts<)> Christallizes very Geometrically. And ye
Caput mortuum of Aqua fortis wch abounds wth Nitre
& Vitrioll &c & has beene exposed to a greate Violence
of ye fire Christallizes into figures various from one another
& from ye Christalls of ye single ingredients & yet all of
them very regular like Triangles Hexagons Romboids Prismes
Pyramids wth many sides ending in a point &c. pag 234.

But unlesse ye salts bee mixed per minima<Translation><Translation: through the smallest particles> they
christallize severally first one<illeg.> & yn another (& lastly
perhaps some compounded particles may christallize into
other figures). As happens in ye refining of impure Petre
(called Ba<illeg.>rbary Nitre) wch much abounds wth common salt.
The like somtimes of a vitriolate matter mixed wth yt wch yeilds
Allome. pag 233 of fformes.

The like may bee observed of Chymicall salts & in
saline spirits made by distillation espetially if they worke
upon one another wth Ebullition (for in such a Conflict
ye saline particles best associate ) & besides thereby loose much of
theire volatility<)>. Thus spirit of Vrin satiated wth spirit of
Salt & both gently but not too far evaporated yeilds
Christalls very divers from ye Christalls of ye same spirit of
urin satiated with Oyle of Vitrioll or spirit of Nitre. pag 237.

If a plate of Copper bee suspended in a solution of silver
in aqua fortis bee made in & much diluted wth raine water many ts to one of ye solution (for common wa
& diluted wth many ts of raine water to one of ye solution
(for common water will often makes such solutions white
or turbid). in a little while the metalline particles assotiate
into little thin flat <illeg.> opake & glossy shining plates hanging
about the copper like fish scales, divers of them being
prettily figured at their edges. Soe ye Silver parts did
assotiate <illeg.> by themselves wthout being asso conjoined to saline
ones, as well as Salines ones will wthout mettalline parts.
pag 231 of fformes.

Hartshorne Blood & Vrin resolved & Analised by distilla
tion, not=wth=standing ye comminuting action of ye fire afforde
Christalls of Saline particles. pag 229 of fformes.

Dissolve Pot ashes in faire water, coagulate ye filtrated solution
into a white salt, & on yt pour spirit of Nitre till they
have done hissing, evaporate ye superfluous water & there
will shoote christalls of a Nitrous Nature as appeares by
their prismaticall shape, easy fusion, accention, deflagration
&c all other propertys. pag 250, in Boyle of fformes.

Sublimate its fumes strangly opens & Volatizeth Antimony, & a
pound of grosly beaten Ventian Sublimate put into a glasse
retort wth 1/2 a pound of thin copper plates cast upon
it, the & put into a hot sand furnace for 8 or more howers
there came little or noe liquor into ye Receiver but ye
upper te of the Retort was Candid by ye ye ascended fumes
wch weighed 10 ounces. There was about 2 ounces of running
Mercury in ye bottom of the retort wch ye acid salts yt corroded ye Copper had foresaken,
& ye Metalline lump at the bottom was increased 2 1/4 ounces.
some of the ye Copper plates were untouched at ye bottom malleable &
sometimes white like silver throughout & malleable (though ye
sublimate was good & free from Arsnick wch would have made
ye Copper brittle wth its whitenesse). But ye other thiner plates masse were
melted into a lumpe brittle, transparent, & coloured wth
various Reds & Amber colours, wch by imbibing ye aire changed by
little to a blewish greene. fragments of This lump laid one coales a little
blowne would partly melt like rosin & partly flame like sulph<ur>
wth a lasting greenish flame, & it would speedily <illeg.> flame by
a candle: so much had ye fumes of Sublimate opened it. Soe
very thin plates of Silver cast on thrice as much beaten Sublimate
were melted into a Masse heavier by a quarter yn before, silver<ed>
over wth a where it lay next ye Glasse wth a thin skin, transpa
rent like amber, & partly of a lemmon or Amber colour inso & partly very
very deepe & darkly coloured, brittle & unflexible (& yet it might bee
cut wth a knife like horne) & very fusible on coales or wth a
candle but not flammable like ye former Resin or Gum of Copper.
This Experiment succeded in other Mettalls as Tin &c but not in
Gold: but there may bee new sublimates made (as one by subliming
common sublimate & Sal<illeg.> Armoniak well poudered together &c) wch
(besides moe notable operations on other metalls) may prhaps bee so
penetrant as to act upon Gold. pag 283 Boyle of fformes.

Dissolve Refined silver in twice its weight of Aqua ffortis
filtrate ye solution yt it may bee cleare (& you may evaporate it too
till it christallize wch christall must bee dryed on any broune paper wth
a moderate heate, &c): Vpon wch solution drop good spirit of Salt
till it have done curdleing ye liquor & put it into a funnell
lined wth cap paper yt ye moisture may draine away then dry
ye remaining substance wth a gentle fire (first powering faire water
often into ye funnell to wash away ye adhæring salts if neede bee)
wch dryed substance (being a white pouder) if put _melted into a masse
<illeg.> in a glasse violl & kept a while in fusion will bee Luna
Cornea or a substance tough & flexible, Transparently
yellow, easily fusible <illeg.> almost like wax, undissolvible in water
(though ye Lunar solution & Spirit of Salt will severally dissolve
in it) & scarce if at all soluble in aqua fortis or spirit of
Salt, wthout almost any tast or wth but a little somwhat unpleas<illeg.>
ant one much differing from ye most bitter tast of solution of
silver & ye most sower tast of Spirit of Salt, & very fixed
& induring ye fire wthout ye avolation of ye saline particles
though they bee of themselves volatile enough. If ye Lunar
solution bee præcipitated wth Oyle of Virtioll ye masse will
bee brittle. The making of this Luna Cornea affords many
variations of Colours by Colourles liquors & by melting ye white
pouder to transparent yellow Luna. pag 303 of fformes.

Though Oyle of Tartar is an Alcalizate & Spirit of
salt an acid salt yet both præcipitate & neither dissolve
silver     pag 306 of fformes.

Besides Acid, urinous, & Alcalizate salts Mr Boyle knows
how to make another Salt sort of Salt, wch (made fluid wth a little water) mixeth quietly wth
Oyle of Tartar per deliquum, Or spirit of Sal Armoniack or
strong spirit of Salt or Oyle of vitrioll wth &c wthout making any
ebullition or præcipitation or destroying ye virtues of those salts. Whereas each of
the ordinary family of salts may be destroyed by either of the
other two, & yet this salt for some things is more powerful
then any other. It will not turne syrup of violets red
like acid salts nor greene like as both fixed & volatile salts
will doe, &c. And though ye saline ingredients of wch
tis composed are more salt yn Brine or sowre yn vinegre
yet this liquor tast's rather sweetish then otherwise. And
its smell is neither strong nor offensive unlesse it bee
made copiously to evaporate by a little heate for yn
it stinks wors<illeg.>e yn Aqua fortis or spirit of Sal Armoni-
ack it selfe: And yet these fumes setling into a liquor
againe become inoffensive as before. This salt, though
volatile runs sooner per deliquium yn so & easily sublimable into fine christalls, yet being dissolved in
liquors you may evaporate almost all ye liquor before
ye liquor any of the salt ascends whereas other volatill salts ascend bef
sooner yn ye liquor. Also this runs sooner per Deli=
quium then any fixed salts. <illeg.> it easily wth (wth a small
heate) christallizes wthout a remanence at ye bottom.
& may be melted into a lymped liquor wth an easy
heate. & may bee dissolved in almost any liquor <illeg.>
<illeg.> whereas other salts are dissoluble but by some
liquors & yt by a much larger quantity of them then this salt requires _{pag 311 Boyle of fformes.}

Two parts in weight of good Aqua fortis or spirit of Nitre being
powered upon one of good Sea salt well dryed & poudered, &
kept some while in a prævious digestion & then distilld till
ye remaining matter bee dry & no more. The water wch
comes over will bee an Aqua Regis dissolving not silver
but gold & præcipitating silver dissolved in Aqua fortis.
And ye Remaining Caput mortuum tasts much milder yn
sea Salt or Aqua fortis, is as fusible as salt peeter & very in=
flammable, though sea Salt is not fusible (when once freed
from ye windy substance wch blows it) nor inflammable.
And if the <illeg.> volatile parts of this Caput mortuum
bee evaporated by as many deflagrations as can bee
made upon it the remaining masse will bee an Alcaly
<illeg.> in all proofs, (as having a lixiviate rellish, turning Syrup
of violets to greene, making an ebullition wth acid spirits, nay
wth Spirit of salt it selfe) <illeg.> soe yt two volatile <illeg.> acid
salts (aqua fortis & spirit sea salt) are turned to a fixed
lixiviate salt   Boyle of formes pag <illeg.> Experimnt 5.

Strong Lixiviums (viz: solutions of Alcalys) readily dissolve
common sulphur and divers other sulphurious bodys, wch ye highly
acid liquors Aqua fortis & Aqua Regis will not at all. see _{pag 326. Exper 5. of fformes.}

If upon two parts of common Salt dissolved in common
water you pour one t of A, you have Glaubers Sal
Mirabilis. And if upon ye said solution of common salt or perhaps of salt petre
in water you pour B it will make an Aqua fortis.
Mr Boyle by powering one te of Oyle of Vitrioll upon one
te of Niter dissolved in water & setting it in sand can draw from it a
pretty good spiritus nitri readily dissolving silver before rectification. And ye
remaining caput mortuum kept in the fire till dry
affords a white Salt difficultly flowing in ye aire, easily fusible by
heate (contrary to fixt Nitre) inflammable <illeg.> (contrary to crude
salt peter) though by melting a while in a crucible wth a bit of
charcoale for it to work upon grows red strongly scented
like sulphur wth an Alcalizat tast like a fire coal on ye
tongue if licked before it imbibe <illeg.> ye airs moisture. Its
christals are large well shaped & of a peculiar figure (divers
from crude & fixt Nitre & Oyle of Vitriol<)>. pag 337. Exp 6.

Mr Boyle also by pouring one part of Oyle of Vitrioll
upon a solution of one part of Bay Salt (i:e: common sea salt), the
liquor abstracted in a glas cucurbit placed in Sand seemed
to bee spirit of Salt (for mixed wth some spirit of Nitre it would
dissolve gold, & poured on the spirit of fermented Vrin till
ye conflict ceased the moisture being evaporated it would
afford christalls like combs thereby disclosing themselves
to bee of ye nature of Sal Armoniack). So yt <illeg.> Salt
is so changed by a mixture wth And in this mixture both the Salt
and oyle of Vitriol are so changed yt ye salt ascends by a
gentle heate wch alone will scarce rise by a very violent
fire though intermixed wth beaten bricks or clay to keepe
it from fusion; & ye Oyle of vitriol is fixt & stays behind (though in
a far greater heat yn ye operation requires) though alone it bee
noe gross & corporeal Salt but a volatil distilld liquor.
The remaining Masse (consisting of ye Oyle of Vitriol & grosse
remains of ye Sea Salt) being poudered & dried in a crucible
wth quick coles will become a white (perhaps Glaubers) Salt
not insipid nor yet <illeg.> pungent or corrosive (like _as Sea Salt & Oyle of Vitriol
are). And this white salt disolved in water filtrated & coagulated
evaporated affords christalls much clearer & as wel figured as those
of Sea Salt though ye figures bee divers both from those of Sea Salt
& from one another. But this Experiment often failes whither from
ye various nature of Sea Salt or Oyle of vitriol I know not. Hee has
tryd this experiment by distilling ye sd Salt & Oyle wthout ye inter
vention of water, (wch is ye quicker way) as also by using Oyle of
Sulphur instead of oyle of Vitrioll. Exper 6. pag 341 of fformes.

<illeg.> On ye rectifyd oyle of ye Butter of Antimony
poure as much strong spirit of nitre as will precipitate
out of it all ye Bezoarticum Minerale, & wth a good
smart fire distill of all the liquor yt will come over
& (if neede bee) cohobate it upon ye Antimoniall pouder
This liquor is Mr Boyls Menstruum Peracutum. And if
gold (by dissolving _mixing it once & againe wth 3 or 4 times as
much copper (thoug refiners use silver) & dissolving ye Copper in
spirit of Nitre (i.e. Aqua fortis) & wth a competent degree of
heate bringing ye golden pouder to its native colour & lustre)
bee exceedingly wel refined A good quantity of this Men=
struum will (for gold requires a copious solvent) will quietly
& slowly enough (but a little spirit of salt will promote the solution) dissolve it letting fall a white pouder
to ye bottom; a little spirit of salt will promote the solution; & ye operation being repeated more of ye sd
pouder will fall down though not quite so much as
before wch pouder is Silver in all proof. Other Men=
struums & good Aqua Regis it selfe will make a little white
pouder fall down. And one wth a certaine sort of Aqua Regis
<illeg.> by reiterated operations turned much if not ye greater t of an ounce of
gold into silver. Perhaps there may bee some nobler &
subtler matter in gold wch(its anima or tinctura) wch when
united to ye particles of silver make them have all
ye Phænomena of gold & wch let goe ye silver when
they meete wth some body wth wch they more easily
unite. Thus a strict coalition of (white) merc ye parts of (white)
Mercury & (pale yellow) sulphur makes (hyly red) vermilion
in wch they will in many cases act together as one Physical
body (rising together in sublimatory vessells &c) And yet <illeg.> a
dew proportion of Salt of Tartar exquisitly mixed wth
the silver Cinnaber (vermilion) will associate it selfe wth
ye sulphur & let goe ye running Mercury. Perhaps ye
Menstruum peracutum might change ye Texture it selfe
of gold to make turne it from yellow to white, &c: but not soe
probably for there is a certaine Menstruum which wthout dissolving ye copper will
extract a blew tincture tincture from it & leave it a white
malleable body, The Copper being first reduced into small
parts by a dissolution in Aqua fortis before it bee put
into ye Menstruum & then put into a certaine Menstruum
ye menstruum wthout a further dissolution will extract
blew tincture from it & leave it a white pouder malleable
Copper which by fusion is reduced to white Malleable
copper.     Some Authors affirme Iron transmutable into
Copper. Eperimnt 7 of fforms pag 351 &c:

Dissolve ye finest granulated or laminated Gold wth a moderat
heate in the <illeg.> Menstruum Peracutum: decant it into a conveniently
sizd Retort, distill of ye Menstruum gently in a Sand ffurnace (if out
of ye Caput mortuum you would elevate ye more gold either powr back
ye same Menstruum againe or, wch is better, a fresh one upon it, &
againe abstract ye liquor. And urging ye remaining matter <illeg.>
noe stronger by degrees of fire noe stronger then wt may bee
easily given in a Sand furnace. And a considerable quantity
of gold will rize & either fall downe in a golden shower or
(wch is more usuall) guild ye Receiver in forme of a yellow
or reddish Sublimate. And somtimes ye neck of ye Retort is
inriched wth store of large christalls thin red glorious ruby
like Christalls wch in ye aire will run per deliquium.
& by reaffusions of fresh Menstruum upon the remaining Calx
ye whole gold might bee made perhaps to ascend. Soe yt ye parts
of ye most fixed bodys may help to make up subtil & vola
tile fluids, without loosing their texture since this gold may bee recovered, & tis more yn probable there may bee a vola
tile gold or silver in some oars or other Mineralls where
Mineralists find none. Which possibly may bee recovered <illeg.>
by some additament wch (wthout hurting ye gold) will mortify
work upon & mortify those volatile particles of other Mettalls or Salts that being
united to ye gold would carry it up; Or associate wth them
& disable them from carrying it away. Or by its fixednesse
& cognation of nature make the dispersed Gold embody
wth it. Thus pouring some drops of cleane running Mercury
into ye sd golden liquor ye drops were covered wth golden films
& shake it till it will guild noe more (all ye gold being then
I suppose præcipitated on ye Mercury) decant ye clarifyd liquor
& mix ye remaining Amalgam (as I may call it) of gold &
Mercury wth severall times its weight of Borax & melt
ym in a crucible & ye gold will bee gathered into one
intire masse. Thus also good gold being cuppelled wth a
greate deale of leade, instead of being advanced in
colour & goodnesse, grows paller & heavier the volatile
Silver in soe much lead meeting & incorporating wth & being detained by ye fixed
particles of ye Gold. Exper 7 of Forms pag 370.

Vitrioll of Silver & also of Lead (cald saccar Saturni)
(that is their christalls made by evapation of ye dissolving Aqua
fortis) though one is most bitter ye other sweete, if urged wth a
very strong fire there comes over very good Aqua fortis
readi (wch is sowr) readily dissolving Silver or lead; & ye filing
of copper wth much violence, presently making wth it a blew
colour like good Aqua fortis. Though Silver is so fixed
as to endure ye Cuppel yet the mixture of noe more then
a third or 4th part of these saline ticles of ye aqua fortis elevated so much of ye
silver as to guild _{silver over} ye Retort to a great height wch could scarce
be scraped of. And ye Caput mortuum of ye Saccarum Saturni
was turned from white & sweete to black & insipid, having
som granulæ of perfect lead in it (ye rest being also reduci
ble by fusion wth a convenient flux into malleable lead
& yet ye Aqua fortis wch was distild from it (wch would
have dissolved other _{corroded perfect} lead) <illeg.> being poured back upon it did
at length though slowly exhibit some granes of Saccharine
Vitrioll. Exper 8 Boyle of Forms pag 380.

<illeg.>whilst distilling<illeg.>appeare full
of<illeg.>

In Aqua fortis 2 dissolve 1 or as much
as it will dissolve. Then put an ounce of Lead la-
minated or filed into it by degrees & ye lead
will bee corroded dissolving by degrees into & besides
there will fall downe a white præcipitate like a
limus being ye præcipitated by ye of . Out
of an ounce of may bee got 1/3 of
If the remaining liquor bee evaporated there remaines
a reddish matter tasting keene like sublimate.
The same liquor will extract ye of .
If bee put into it, it is presently covered wth
I know not whither yt come out of ye liquor
or of for ye liquor dissolves . Also
will draw out of ye limus wch falls down
in dissolving or & also out of ye liquor
both during ye solution & afterward.

Sublimate <illeg.> , 1/2, , , , , or their Reguluses
or ye Reg of 1/2. ffirst bake ye & together
& put ye mettall poudered of filed into a crucible & ye
salts upon it & in gentle fire you ye salts will act upon
ye metalls & you shall have their ruining at ye
bottom. You must but just let them begin to boyle on
because his is very volatile. but for other me
talls let them stand longer

Venetian Sublimate is made of 2 ts, refined 2 ts
calcined to red 1 t & salt decrepitated 1 t. The Hol-
landers sophisticate it wth Arsnic. The sophisticated is in
long splinters & turns black wth oyle of dropt on it.
But ye true turns yellow & is in little grains like hempse<ed.>

To make Regulus of , , , or &c. Take of
12 of 4 1/2 or 5 1/4 or 6 or 6 1/4, or of 8 1/2 or proportionably
more to ye if it will beare it. When they are melted
pour them of & you will have a Reg. You may when
they are molten throw 2 or 3 of on them
which having done working pour them of. If ye scoria
of bee full of small eaven rays there is two little
in proportion. If ye any reg swell much in the
midst of the upper surface it argues two much
if it bee flat it argues two little. The better
yor proportions are the brighter & britler will ye Reg
bee & ye darker ye scoria & the easier will they
part: And also ye more perfect the starr, unlesse
the salts on ye top worke & bubble in the cooling
to disturbe ye sd superficies. The work succedds best
in least quantitys. If there bee stuff like pitch
long in cooling tis noe good signe & often argues too
much Antimony.        Twelve ounces of gives
4 1/3 of Reg of 3 1/3 of Reg of <illeg.> or when
refined. To refine it, so soone as it is molten
throw in 1/4 or 1/5 t as much salt peeter as
there is reg in weight; then blow to give a good
heate till ye mettall & salt boyle well together, & also till when
they have done boyling & working, yn poure them of. This you
may repeate till the salt come of. white, wch will
bee at the second or 3d refining. Mix noe char-
coale wth the peeter least ye peeters force be otherwise
spent then upon the mettall. Tin may bee 5 1/3 to
12 of or 4 to 9. If ye quantity bee but small as
2 of tin then take 4 1/4 of but if bigger take 4 to 9.
Note yt in Tin & Lead if ye scoria bee full of very
small stiriæ like haire or rays tending from ye center
of ye metal it argues too much . If it bee branched wth grosser
graines (wch in tin especially will appeare continuous to ye centrall metal)
it argues two little . Tis best when ye scoria is
is haire-grained inwards towards ye center of ye metall
but not toward quite to ye outside, unlesse it happen yt ye
scoria look black.

These rules in generall should bee observed. 1st
yt ye fire bee quick. 2dly yt ye crucible bee through
heated before any thing bee put in: 3dly yt metalls bee
put in successivly according to their degree of fusibility
. . . . . <illeg.> _4tly That they stand some time after fusion before they
bee poured of accordingly to ye quantity of regulus
they yield, , .< or >.< or >. 5tly That at ye first time noe
salt bee thrown on, unlesse upon to keep it
from hardeing <sic> on ye top & then let it bee poured
of be when ye fury of ye salt is over before it
have quite done working. 6 That if you would have ye
saltpetre flow wthout two great a heat, you may quicken it by
throwing in a little more saltpeter wth mixed wth 1/8 or 1/16 of
charcoal finely poudered.

Also these signes may bee observed in generall. That
if ye scoria & Regulus part not well there is two much
metall; that if they doe part well & yet yeild not
a dew quantity of Regulus there is too little metall (unlesse
ye fire hath not been quick enough or the regulus not
had time to sattle) That if they doe part a reg bee
tough it argues too much metall unlesse in tin wch is
therby made ye brittler. That possibly the proportions <illeg.>
of ye metalls may alter in the refining Thus of
being more volatile yn that of ; if there bee two
much at first, it may in 3 or 4 times refining
come to a good proportion. That the degrees of fire
may cause some variations in the proportions. Thus wth a
good quick & smart fire 4 of to 9 of gave
a most black & filthy scoria & ye Reg after a purga
tion or two starred very well. But in a lesse heat
a greater proportion of gave ye blackest scoria.

If ye Regulus be poudered & mixed wth 1/2 or 1/3 of Niter
& so thrown gradually into a crucible, the better half of ye
regulus will be lost in ye Salts, but if a little charcoal
be mixed wth ye regulus salt (suppose an 1/8 or 1/12
part<)> to make ye salt deflagrate, it will not consume so
much of ye metall.